Barrett Tracy M, Traupman Emily, Needham Amy
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0086, USA.
Infant Behav Dev. 2008 Jan;31(1):1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2007.05.004. Epub 2007 Jul 12.
The coordination between visual and manual domains is a cornerstone of learning in early development. If infants anticipate an object's physical characteristics prior to contact (i.e., from visual inspection), they could learn more about the physical world through visual observation only than if manual exploration is required. In this experiment, infants grasped a series of four round balls quite similar in size and overall shape, but different in structure. Two were composed of solid hard plastic (one transparent, one opaque) in a rigid structure, and two were composed of more flexible plastic in a nonrigid structure. This nonrigid structure afforded grasping using a precision grasp with fingertips extending inside the ball's outer edge. In contrast, the rigid balls could be grasped only by a full-hand power grasp (due to the relative sizes of ball and infants' hands). The infants' manual anticipations were assessed in their first reach for each ball, prior to their first contact with the ball. In addition, grasping and other exploratory behaviors were assessed after contact with the ball. Results from this study suggest that infants from 5 to 15 months of age incorporate visible information about an object's structure into their action on the object. This provides evidence that visuomotor connections are present as soon as infants start reaching for objects, allowing them to select the appropriate grasp for an object's structure, even if they are not always capable of executing a pickup of the object using this grasp. Further research should investigate the discrepancies between infants' grasp planning and their grasp execution.
视觉与手动领域之间的协调是早期发育学习的基石。如果婴儿在接触物体之前(即通过视觉检查)就能预判物体的物理特征,那么相比于需要手动探索,他们仅通过视觉观察就能更多地了解物理世界。在这个实验中,婴儿抓取了一系列四个大小和整体形状颇为相似,但结构不同的圆球。其中两个由坚硬的实心塑料制成(一个透明,一个不透明),结构 rigid ;另外两个由更具柔韧性的塑料制成,结构 nonrigid 。这种 nonrigid 结构使得婴儿可以用精确抓握的方式抓取,指尖伸到球的外缘内侧。相比之下,rigid 球只能用全手力量抓握(由于球和婴儿手的相对大小)。在婴儿首次接触球之前,对他们首次伸手去够每个球时的手动预判进行了评估。此外,在与球接触后,对抓握和其他探索行为进行了评估。这项研究的结果表明,5到15个月大的婴儿会将关于物体结构的可见信息纳入他们对物体的动作中。这提供了证据,表明婴儿一开始伸手去够物体时,视觉运动连接就已存在,这使他们能够为物体的结构选择合适的抓握方式,即使他们并不总是能够用这种抓握方式拿起物体。进一步的研究应该调查婴儿抓握计划和抓握执行之间的差异。
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