McInnis Kurt, Larocque Alexanne, Beauregard Noémie, Hintze Luzia Jaeger, Finlayson Graham, Haman François, Doucet Éric
School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
Int J Obes (Lond). 2025 May 23. doi: 10.1038/s41366-025-01809-2.
Cold exposure (CE) has been purported to be a possible weight loss strategy and to be anorexigenic, however, the impacts of CE on appetite and energy intake have not been fully explored, more so in individuals living with obesity.
Determine the effects of a single dose of moderate CE on energy expenditure, intake, and appetite regulation in individuals living with obesity.
Forty-seven individuals living with obesity (18 males) underwent two experimental sessions, one 90-min CE (10 °C fluid using a liquid conditioned suit) and one control. Energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry), energy intake (food menu), subjective appetite (Visual analogue scales), food reward (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire), appetite-related peptides (ELISA), skin temperature (Thermocouples), thermal comfort and thermal sensation (Likert scales) were assessed.
CE produced a small (18%) but significant increase in energy expenditure over 90 min (p < 0.001). Energy intake during lunch increased slightly (10%), yet significantly following CE (p = 0.008) before decreasing for the remainder of the day (p = 0.049). There were no differences in subjective appetite (p > 0.05), but there was a decrease in the rewarding value of low-fat sweet foods (p < 0.05). Leptin concentrations decreased significantly (p = 0.004), whereas GLP-1 concentrations were increased (p = 0.003) in response to CE. Thermal comfort and sensation also both decreased significantly during exposure (p < 0.001).
Although both energy expenditure and intake significantly changed, CE caused minimal impacts to energy balance in individuals living with obesity. When combined with the high levels of discomfort, these results question the efficiency of CE as an intervention able to produce meaningful changes in body weight and composition in individuals living with obesity.
冷暴露（CE）据称是一种可能的减肥策略且具有抑制食欲的作用，然而，冷暴露对食欲和能量摄入的影响尚未得到充分研究，对于肥胖个体更是如此。
确定单次中等程度冷暴露对肥胖个体的能量消耗、摄入量及食欲调节的影响。
47名肥胖个体（18名男性）接受了两个实验环节，一个是90分钟的冷暴露（使用液体调节服，温度为10°C），另一个是对照环节。评估了能量消耗（间接测热法）、能量摄入（食物菜单）、主观食欲（视觉模拟量表）、食物奖赏（利兹食物偏好问卷）、食欲相关肽（酶联免疫吸附测定）、皮肤温度（热电偶）、热舒适度和热感觉（李克特量表）。
冷暴露在90分钟内使能量消耗产生了小幅（18%）但显著的增加（p < 0.001）。午餐期间的能量摄入略有增加（10%），但在冷暴露后显著增加（p = 0.008），随后在当天剩余时间下降（p = 0.049）。主观食欲没有差异（p > 0.05），但低脂甜食的奖赏价值有所降低（p < 0.05）。瘦素浓度显著降低（p = 0.004），而胰高血糖素样肽-1浓度因冷暴露而升高（p = 0.003）。暴露期间热舒适度和热感觉也均显著降低（p < 0.001）。
尽管能量消耗和摄入量均发生了显著变化，但冷暴露对肥胖个体的能量平衡影响极小。结合高水平的不适感，这些结果质疑了冷暴露作为一种能够在肥胖个体的体重和身体成分方面产生有意义变化的干预措施的有效性。
