Hurst Peter
International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Food Nutr Bull. 2007 Jun;28(2 Suppl):S364-71. doi: 10.1177/15648265070282S216.
Seventy percent of child laborers--more than 150 million girls and boys under 18--are agricultural workers. They are harshly exploited, toiling in poor to appalling conditions, performing dangerous jobs with little or no pay, and are deprived of an education. Because children's bodies and minds are still growing and developing, exposure to workplace hazards and risks can be more devastating and long-lasting for them. The line between what is acceptable work and what is not is easily crossed. However, not all work that children undertake in agriculture is bad for them. Age-appropriate, lower-risk tasks that do not interfere with schooling and leisure time are not at issue here.
The goal of this paper is to examine the links between health and child labor in agriculture. It aims to explain why the International Labour Organization' goal of eliminating all of the worst forms of child labor by 2016 will only be possible if more work is done in agriculture.
Review of the relevant literature and data on the hazards of child labor and the reasons why agricultural child labor is particularly difficult to tackle.
Children who work in agriculture are exposed to a large number of health hazards, and yet the problem is particularly difficult to tackle because of the large numbers involved, the young age at which children start to work, the hazardous nature of the work, lack of regulation, invisibility of child laborers, denial of education, the effects of poverty, and ingrained attitudes and perceptions about the roles of children in rural areas.
Policies for preventing and reducing agricultural child labor should mainstream and integrate child labor issues at the national and international levels with increasing emphasis on poverty alleviation and expanding and improving institutional mechanisms for education, law enforcement, health, and so forth. Cooperation between the International Labour Organization and international agricultural organizations is needed to ensure that child labor in agriculture is a thing of the past.
70%的童工——超过1.5亿18岁以下的女孩和男孩——是农业工人。他们受到残酷剥削，在恶劣至极的条件下劳作，从事危险工作却几乎没有报酬，还被剥夺了受教育的权利。由于儿童的身心仍在成长发育，接触工作场所的危害和风险对他们可能造成更具毁灭性且持久的影响。可接受工作与不可接受工作之间的界限很容易被跨越。然而，并非儿童在农业中从事的所有工作都对他们有害。这里讨论的不是那些适合儿童年龄、风险较低且不影响上学和休闲时间的任务。
本文的目的是研究农业领域健康与童工之间的联系。旨在解释为何只有在农业领域开展更多工作，国际劳工组织到2026年消除所有最恶劣形式童工的目标才有可能实现。
查阅关于童工危害以及农业童工问题特别难以解决的原因的相关文献和数据。
从事农业工作的儿童面临大量健康危害，但由于涉及人数众多、儿童开始工作的年龄小、工作的危险性、缺乏监管、童工的隐匿性、教育权利被剥夺、贫困的影响以及农村地区对儿童角色根深蒂固的态度和观念，这一问题特别难以解决。
预防和减少农业童工的政策应在国家和国际层面将童工问题纳入主流并加以整合，同时日益重视减贫以及扩大和完善教育、执法、卫生等方面的体制机制。国际劳工组织与国际农业组织需要开展合作，以确保农业童工成为历史。
