Cohen S, Greenwood M T, Fowler J A
Department of Geography, University of Technology, Loughborough, Leics.
Med Vet Entomol. 1991 Jan;5(1):101-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.1991.tb00527.x.
The role of the louse Trinoton anserinum (F) as an intermediate host of Sarconema eurycerca (Wehr) was investigated in swans. 8.3% of healthy swans carried one to twelve lice per bird, dispersed contagiously. Injured and lead-poisoned swans were more heavily infected. The mouthparts appear designed to penetrate the hosts' skin; the mandibles are robust and asymmetric, and the maxillae have a serrated intercutting surface. 22% fed exclusively on blood and 33% on both blood and feather. All life-cycle stages fed upon blood and the barbs and barbules from down feathers; hooklets from contour feathers were only found in adults. 9% of lice were infected with developing nematode larvae in the head, thorax or abdomen. Lice labelled with Technetium 99 m moved towards the scapulas and the wings. Lice were found to be highly active and were mobile.
在天鹅中研究了鹅羽虱（Trinoton anserinum (F)）作为阔节裂体线虫（Sarconema eurycerca (Wehr)）中间宿主的作用。8.3%的健康天鹅每只携带1至12只虱子，呈散发性感染。受伤和铅中毒的天鹅感染更为严重。其口器似乎适于穿透宿主皮肤；上颚粗壮且不对称，下颚有锯齿状的交错表面。22%的虱子仅以血液为食，33%既吸食血液又啄食羽毛。所有生命周期阶段的虱子都以血液以及绒羽的羽枝和小羽枝为食；仅在成虫中发现有正羽的小钩。9%的虱子在头部、胸部或腹部感染了发育中的线虫幼虫。用99m锝标记的虱子会移向肩胛骨和翅膀。发现虱子非常活跃且能四处移动。
