Intorre Luigi, Meucci Valentina, Di Bello Domenica, Monni Gianfranca, Soldani Giulio, Pretti Carlo
Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Clinics, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007 Aug 15;231(4):590-5. doi: 10.2460/javma.231.4.590.
To determine tolerance of goldfish and zebrafish to benzalkonium chloride, formalin, malachite green, and potassium permanganate.
Tolerance study.
Adult goldfish (Carassius auratus) and zebrafish (Danio rerio).
Groups of fish (n = 10/group) were exposed to each disinfectant at the therapeutic dosage; at 0.25, 0.5, 3, and 5 times the concentration used for the therapeutic dosage; and at the concentration used for the therapeutic dosage but for 3 or 5 times the recommended exposure time.
In both species, exposure to malachite green at the therapeutic dosage resulted in toxic effects, including death. Exposure to formalin at the therapeutic dosage resulted in toxic effects in goldfish, but not zebrafish, and exposure to potassium permanganate resulted in toxic effects in zebrafish, but not goldfish. On the basis of the ratio of therapeutic dosage to median lethal dosage, in goldfish, formalin was more toxic than benzalkonium chloride, which was more toxic than malachite green, which was more toxic than potassium permanganate. In zebrafish, potassium permanganate was more toxic than formalin and benzalkonium chloride, which were approximately equally toxic and more toxic than malachite green. Extending treatment time increased the toxicity of potassium permanganate in zebrafish and the toxicity of formalin and malachite green in goldfish, but did not alter the toxicity of the other disinfectants.
Results indicated that there was no consistency between zebrafish and goldfish in their tolerance to disinfectants, and that therapeutic dosages reported in the literature for these disinfectants were not always safe.
确定金鱼和斑马鱼对苯扎氯铵、福尔马林、孔雀石绿和高锰酸钾的耐受性。
耐受性研究。
成年金鱼(Carassius auratus)和斑马鱼(Danio rerio)。
将鱼分组(每组n = 10),以治疗剂量、治疗剂量的0.25倍、0.5倍、3倍和5倍浓度以及治疗剂量但暴露时间为推荐暴露时间的3倍或5倍的浓度接触每种消毒剂。
在两个物种中,以治疗剂量接触孔雀石绿均导致毒性作用,包括死亡。以治疗剂量接触福尔马林对金鱼产生毒性作用,但对斑马鱼无毒性作用;接触高锰酸钾对斑马鱼产生毒性作用,但对金鱼无毒性作用。根据治疗剂量与半数致死剂量的比值,在金鱼中,福尔马林的毒性大于苯扎氯铵,苯扎氯铵的毒性大于孔雀石绿,孔雀石绿的毒性大于高锰酸钾。在斑马鱼中,高锰酸钾的毒性大于福尔马林和苯扎氯铵,福尔马林和苯扎氯铵的毒性大致相同且大于孔雀石绿。延长治疗时间增加了高锰酸钾对斑马鱼的毒性以及福尔马林和孔雀石绿对金鱼的毒性,但未改变其他消毒剂的毒性。
结果表明,斑马鱼和金鱼对消毒剂的耐受性不一致,文献中报道的这些消毒剂的治疗剂量并非总是安全的。