Wang Tao, Müller Daniel B, Graedel T E
Center for Industrial Ecology, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Environ Sci Technol. 2007 Jul 15;41(14):5120-9. doi: 10.1021/es062761t.
Metallurgical iron cycles are characterized for four anthropogenic life stages: production, fabrication and manufacturing, use, and waste management and recycling. This analysis is conducted for year 2000 and at three spatial levels: 68 countries and territories, nine world regions, and the planet. Findings include the following: (1) contemporary iron cycles are basically open and substantially dependent on environmental sources and sinks; (2) Asia leads the world regions in iron production and use; Oceania, Latin America and the Caribbean, Africa, and the Commonwealth of Independent States present a highly production-biased iron cycle; (3) purchased scrap contributes a quarter of the global iron and steel production; (4) iron exiting use is three times less than that entering use; (5) about 45% of global iron entering use is devoted to construction, 24% is devoted to transport equipment, and 20% goes to industrial machinery; (6) with respect to international trade of iron ore, iron and steel products, and scrap, 54 out of the 68 countries are net iron importers, while only 14 are net exporters; (7) global iron discharges in tailings, slag, and landfill approximate one-third of the iron mined. Overall, these results provide a foundation for studies of iron-related resource policy, industrial development, and waste and environmental management.
生产、加工制造、使用以及废物管理与回收利用。本分析针对2000年进行，涵盖三个空间层面：68个国家和地区、九个世界区域以及全球。研究结果如下：（1）当代铁循环基本上是开放的，并且在很大程度上依赖于环境源和汇；（2）亚洲在铁的生产和使用方面领先于世界其他地区；大洋洲、拉丁美洲和加勒比地区、非洲以及独立国家联合体呈现出高度偏向生产的铁循环；（3）购买的废钢占全球钢铁产量的四分之一；（4）退出使用的铁比进入使用的铁少三分之二；（5）进入使用的全球铁约45%用于建筑，24%用于运输设备，20%用于工业机械；（6）在铁矿石、钢铁产品和废钢的国际贸易方面，68个国家中有54个是铁净进口国，而只有14个是净出口国；（7）尾矿、炉渣和垃圾填埋场中的全球铁排放量约占开采铁量的三分之一。总体而言，这些结果为铁相关资源政策、产业发展以及废物与环境管理的研究奠定了基础。
