Science. 1978 Jun 30;200(4349):1481-3. doi: 10.1126/science.200.4349.1481.
Surface water changes associated with El Niño have been known to affect deleteriously top carnivores along coastal South America. Data on the breeding strategies of Galápagos penguins and other seabirds indicate that the biological effects of El Niño extend much farther west. The breeding biology of these seabirds is adapted to frequent changes in productivity which are associated with El Niño.
厄尔尼诺现象引起的地表水变化，已被证实会对沿南美海岸的顶级食肉动物产生有害影响。加拉帕戈斯企鹅和其他海鸟的繁殖策略数据表明，厄尔尼诺现象的生物影响向西延伸得更远。这些海鸟的繁殖生物学适应了与厄尔尼诺现象相关的频繁生产力变化。
