Lithium induced renal toxicity--a review of the literature.

Lithium therapy is widely accepted as efficacious treatment for bipolar affective disorder. However, long term usage of lithium raises concern of side effects involving multiple organ systems, particularly renal function. A review of the literature indicates no significant effects on glomerular filtration rate. The main renal consequences of chronic lithium therapy are decreases in renal concentrating capacity. Treatment recommendations to diminish these renal toxic side effects of lithium therapy are reviewed.