Afferent activity modulates synaptic plasticity as well as the levels of activity-dependent molecules such as growth factors. Disruption of this activity due to deafferentation has been shown to result in an altered trophic support and consequently in changes in neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. In the present study, to test whether lack of cochlear integrity results in changes in insulin-growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and synaptophysin immunostaining in the cochlear nucleus, the first relay structure in the auditory pathway, unilateral cochlear ablations were performed in adult ferrets. Changes in IGF-1 and synaptophysin immunostaining were assessed in the anteroventral (AVCN), posteroventral (PVCN) and dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) at 1, 20 and 90 days after deafferentation. An increase in IGF-1 immunostaining within AVCN, PVCN and DCN was observed ipsilaterally at all survival times after cochlear ablation when compared with the contralateral side and unoperated animals. This increase was accompanied by a significant ipsilateral increase in the mean gray level of synaptophysin immunostaining as well as a decrease in the area of synaptophysin immunostaining at 1 and 20 days after the ablation in AVCN, PVCN and DCN compared with the contralateral side and control animals. These changes in synaptophysin immunostaining were no longer present 90 days after cochlear ablation. The present results provide evidence of a persistent upregulation in IGF-1 and a transitory upregulation in synaptophysin levels in the cochlear nucleus that may reflect neuroprotective mechanisms following the loss of trophic support from spiral ganglion neurons.