Ventura Marco, Canchaya Carlos, Tauch Andreas, Chandra Govind, Fitzgerald Gerald F, Chater Keith F, van Sinderen Douwe
Department of Genetics, Biology of Microorganisms, Anthropology and Evolution, University of Parma, parco Area delle Scienze 11a, 43100 Parma, Italy.
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2007 Sep;71(3):495-548. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00005-07.
Actinobacteria constitute one of the largest phyla among bacteria and represent gram-positive bacteria with a high G+C content in their DNA. This bacterial group includes microorganisms exhibiting a wide spectrum of morphologies, from coccoid to fragmenting hyphal forms, as well as possessing highly variable physiological and metabolic properties. Furthermore, Actinobacteria members have adopted different lifestyles, and can be pathogens (e.g., Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Tropheryma, and Propionibacterium), soil inhabitants (Streptomyces), plant commensals (Leifsonia), or gastrointestinal commensals (Bifidobacterium). The divergence of Actinobacteria from other bacteria is ancient, making it impossible to identify the phylogenetically closest bacterial group to Actinobacteria. Genome sequence analysis has revolutionized every aspect of bacterial biology by enhancing the understanding of the genetics, physiology, and evolutionary development of bacteria. Various actinobacterial genomes have been sequenced, revealing a wide genomic heterogeneity probably as a reflection of their biodiversity. This review provides an account of the recent explosion of actinobacterial genomics data and an attempt to place this in a biological and evolutionary context.
放线菌是细菌中最大的门类之一，代表DNA中G+C含量高的革兰氏阳性菌。该细菌类群包括呈现从球菌到丝状分支形态等广泛形态的微生物，以及具有高度可变生理和代谢特性的微生物。此外，放线菌成员有着不同的生活方式，可作为病原体（如棒状杆菌属、分枝杆菌属、诺卡氏菌属、嗜皮菌属和丙酸杆菌属）、土壤栖息菌（链霉菌属）、植物共生菌（利夫森氏菌属）或胃肠道共生菌（双歧杆菌属）。放线菌与其他细菌的分化由来已久，因此无法确定与放线菌在系统发育上最接近的细菌类群。基因组序列分析通过增进对细菌遗传学、生理学和进化发展的理解，彻底改变了细菌生物学的各个方面。多种放线菌基因组已被测序，揭示了广泛的基因组异质性，这可能反映了它们的生物多样性。本综述介绍了放线菌基因组学数据近期的激增情况，并试图将其置于生物学和进化背景中。
