Siesser W G
Science. 1980 Apr 18;208(4441):283-5. doi: 10.1126/science.208.4441.283.
Deep Sea Drilling Project cores collected at site 362/362A suggest the time of initiation of the Benguela upwelling system off northern Namibia. Studies of sediment accumulation rates, diatom abundances, microfossil temperature preferences (for planktic foraminifers, calcareous nannoplankton, and silicoflagellates), productivity (expressed as the organic carbon content), and phosphorus incorporation in calcareous skeletons all suggest that major, sustained upwelling began in the early late Miocene. Upwelling brought cold, nutrient-rich waters to the surface, and the modern Benguela system dates from this time (about 10 million years before the present).
在362/362A站点采集的深海钻探计划岩芯表明了纳米比亚北部沿岸本格拉上升流系统开始的时间。对沉积物堆积速率、硅藻丰度、微化石温度偏好（针对浮游有孔虫、钙质超微浮游生物和硅鞭藻）、生产力（以有机碳含量表示）以及钙质骨骼中磷的掺入情况的研究均表明，主要的持续上升流始于晚中新世早期。上升流将寒冷、富含营养的海水带到海面，现代本格拉系统始于这个时期（距今约1000万年）。
