Vickers Joan N, Williams A Mark
Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada.
J Mot Behav. 2007 Sep;39(5):381-94. doi: 10.3200/JMBR.39.5.381-394.
The authors provide evidence that choking under pressure is associated with changes in visual attention. Ten elite biathlon shooters were tested under separate low-pressure (LP) and high-pressure (HP) conditions after exercising on a cycle ergometer at individually prescribed power output (PO) levels of 55%, 70%, 85%, and 100% of their maximum oxygen uptake. The authors determined difference scores by subtracting each athlete's score in the LP condition from his or her score in the HP condition for heart rate (d-HR), rate of perceived exertion (d-RPE), cognitive anxiety (d-CA), and cognitive worry (d-CW), and final fixation on the target or quiet eye gaze (d-QE). Using regression analysis, the authors determined predictors of accuracy for each HP PO level. At PO 55%, the authors found 3 predictors (d-HR, d-RPE, d-QE) that accounted for .62 of the adjusted R2 variance. Accuracy was higher when d-QE was lower and d-RPE and d-HR were higher than the values found in the LP condition. At PO 100%, however, an increase in d-QE and d-RPE accounted for .58 of the adjusted R2 variance. Accuracy was dependent on an increase in external focus (positive d-QE) independently of heart rate. At the highest PO level, directing visual attention externally to critical task information appeared to insulate the athletes from choking under HP.
作者提供证据表明，压力下发挥失常与视觉注意力的变化有关。十名精英冬季两项射击运动员在以各自规定的功率输出（PO）水平，即最大摄氧量的55%、70%、85%和100%，在自行车测力计上运动后，分别在低压（LP）和高压（HP）条件下进行测试。作者通过用每位运动员在高压条件下的心率（d-HR）、主观用力程度（d-RPE）、认知焦虑（d-CA）和认知担忧（d-CW）得分减去其在低压条件下的得分，以及最终对目标的注视或静眼凝视（d-QE）来确定差异分数。通过回归分析，作者确定了每个高压PO水平下准确性的预测因素。在PO为55%时，作者发现3个预测因素（d-HR、d-RPE、d-QE），它们占调整后R2方差的0.62。当d-QE较低且d-RPE和d-HR高于在低压条件下的值时，准确性更高。然而，在PO为100%时，d-QE和d-RPE的增加占调整后R2方差的0.58。准确性取决于外部注意力的增加（正d-QE），与心率无关。在最高PO水平下，将视觉注意力向外引导到关键任务信息似乎能使运动员在高压下避免发挥失常。
