Science. 1987 Oct 2;238(4823):42-8. doi: 10.1126/science.238.4823.42.
To identify the forces directing organismal evolution, a general analytical system is developed to synthesize structuralist and Darwinian traditions in an explicitly historical framework. Morphological features of lungless salamanders are examined to identify hierarchical systems of developmental and functional constraint on evolution and their interactions with processes at the genic and populational levels. Characteristic patterns of change occur repeatedly in the evolutionary history of this group.
为了确定指导生物进化的力量，我们开发了一个通用分析系统，在明确的历史框架内综合了结构主义和达尔文主义传统。本文通过研究无肺蝾螈的形态特征，确定了发育和功能约束对进化的层次系统及其与基因和群体水平过程的相互作用，并发现该类群的进化历史中反复出现特征性的变化模式。
