Science. 1989 Oct 13;246(4927):216-20. doi: 10.1126/science.246.4927.216.
Everyday observation reveals that both individuals and organizations often become overly committed to losing courses of action; in a sense, throwing good money after bad. More than 10 years of research on this escalation problem shows that persistence is associated with at least four major clases of determinants: project, psychological, social, and organizational variables. The influence of these four sets of variables evolves over time, forming a dynamic model of behavior in escalation situations.
日常观察表明，个人和组织往往过于执着于已经失败的行动方案；从某种意义上说，这是在浪费资源。对这种升级问题的研究已经持续了 10 多年，研究表明，坚持与至少四个主要类别的决定因素有关：项目、心理、社会和组织变量。这四组变量的影响随着时间的推移而演变，形成了升级情况下行为的动态模型。
