Characterization of nanoindentation-induced residual stresses in human enamel by Raman microspectroscopy.

The objective of this research was to investigate nanoindentation-induced residual stresses in human enamel using Raman microspectroscopy and establish if this approach can be used as a stress meter. Healthy human premolars and sintered hydroxyapatite samples were embedded, cut, and the surfaces were polished finely with a 0.05 microm polishing paste before Berkovich and spherical indentations were made with a force of 100 mN. Spectra were collected using a Renishaw Raman InVia reflex microscope equipped with an air-cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. Sample excitation was achieved using either an argon ion laser emitting at 514.5-nm or a NIR diode laser emitting at 830-nm. The residual micro stresses within and surrounding the indentation impressions were monitored by mapping the position of the nu(1)(PO(4)) band of (crystalline) hydroxyapatite. The Raman maps coincided well with the optical micrographs of the samples. Despite the presence of a fluorescence background from the organic component of human enamel, spectra collected using 514.5-nm excitation exhibited more significant shifts in the position of the nu(1)(PO(4)) band than spectra collected using 830-nm excitation. This implies that the former excitation may be a more appropriate excitation for stress detection. It was concluded that Raman microspectroscopy provides a novel high-resolution and non-destructive method for exploring the role of microstructure on the residual stress distribution within natural biocomposites.