Romani Cristina, McAlpine Sheila, Martin Randi C
School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2008 Feb;61(2):292-323. doi: 10.1080/17470210601147747.
This study investigates concreteness effects in tasks requiring short-term retention. Concreteness effects were assessed in serial recall, matching span, order reconstruction, and free recall. Each task was carried out both in a control condition and under articulatory suppression. Our results show no dissociation between tasks that do and do not require spoken output. This argues against the redintegration hypothesis according to which lexical-semantic effects in short-term memory arise only at the point of production. In contrast, concreteness effects were modulated by task demands that stressed retention of item versus order information. Concreteness effects were stronger in free recall than in serial recall. Suppression, which weakens phonological representations, enhanced the concreteness effect with item scoring. In a matching task, positive effects of concreteness occurred with open sets but not with closed sets of words. Finally, concreteness effects reversed when the task asked only for recall of word positions (as in the matching task), when phonological representations were weak (because of suppression), and when lexical semantic representations overactivated (because of closed sets). We interpret these results as consistent with a model where phonological representations are crucial for the retention of order, while lexical-semantic representations support maintenance of item identity in both input and output buffers.
本研究调查了在需要短期记忆的任务中的具体性效应。在系列回忆、匹配广度、顺序重建和自由回忆任务中评估了具体性效应。每个任务都在控制条件下和言语抑制条件下进行。我们的结果表明，需要口语输出和不需要口语输出的任务之间没有分离。这与再整合假说相悖，根据该假说，短期记忆中的词汇语义效应仅在产生时出现。相反，具体性效应受到强调项目信息与顺序信息保持的任务要求的调节。自由回忆中的具体性效应比系列回忆中的更强。削弱语音表征的抑制增强了项目计分的具体性效应。在匹配任务中，具体性的积极效应出现在开放词集而非封闭词集的情况下。最后，当任务仅要求回忆单词位置时（如在匹配任务中）、当语音表征较弱时（由于抑制）以及当词汇语义表征过度激活时（由于封闭词集），具体性效应会反转。我们将这些结果解释为与一个模型一致，在该模型中，语音表征对于顺序的保持至关重要，而词汇语义表征在输入和输出缓冲区中支持项目身份的维持。
