Quinn Michael J, Bazar Matthew A, McFarland Craig A, Perkins Edward J, Gust Kurt A, Gogal Robert M, Johnson Mark S
U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Health Effects Research Program, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5403, USA.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2007 Oct;26(10):2202-7. doi: 10.1897/07-123R.1.
Explosives and their breakdown products are commonly found in soils at U.S. military installations. Many areas where these compounds are found represent useful habitat for ground-foraging birds. Because these birds likely are exposed to such compounds, we evaluated the oral toxicity of 2,6-dinitrotoluene (DNT) in a representative ground-foraging species of management concern. Adult male and female northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) were exposed to either 0, 5, 10, 40, or 60 mg/kg/d via gavage for 60 d (subchronic) following determination of the median acute lethal dose (320 mg/kg). Circulating levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner; however, levels remained within normal ranges. Plasma concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, aspartate aminotransferase, and potassium, sodium, and chlorine ions were significantly decreased, and circulating levels of uric acid were significantly increased. Decreased body weight, enlarged gallbladders, edematous gastrointestinal tracts, pale kidneys, pale and fibrous livers, and loose stools were consistent observations. The effects found in the clinical chemistries taken together with histopathological abnormalities observed in sections of hepatic and renal tissue suggest that the liver and kidneys are major targets for 2,6-DNT. Oral exposures to 2,6-DNT appear to affect northern bobwhite in a manner similar to that of the other main DNT isomer, 2,4-DNT, but in more subtle ways, adversely affecting the gastrointestinal system and leading to diarrhea and, ultimately, emaciation. The lowest-observed-adverse-effect level is 40 mg/ kg/d based on hematological measures, and the no-observed-adverse-effect level is 10 mg/kg/d based on the absence of results indicative of adverse effects.
在美国军事设施的土壤中普遍存在爆炸物及其分解产物。发现这些化合物的许多区域是地面觅食鸟类的有用栖息地。由于这些鸟类可能接触到此类化合物，我们评估了2,6-二硝基甲苯（DNT）对一种具有管理意义的代表性地面觅食物种的经口毒性。在确定急性半数致死剂量（320mg/kg）后，成年雄性和雌性北美鹑（Colinus virginianus）通过灌胃以0、5、10、40或60mg/kg/d的剂量暴露60天（亚慢性）。红细胞和血红蛋白的循环水平呈剂量依赖性显著降低；然而，仍保持在正常范围内。总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、天冬氨酸转氨酶以及钾、钠和氯离子的血浆浓度显著降低，尿酸的循环水平显著升高。体重减轻、胆囊增大、胃肠道水肿、肾脏苍白、肝脏苍白且纤维化以及腹泻是一致的观察结果。临床化学检测结果以及肝组织和肾组织切片中观察到的组织病理学异常表明，肝脏和肾脏是2,6-DNT的主要靶器官。经口接触2,6-DNT对北美鹑的影响似乎与另一种主要的DNT异构体2,4-DNT相似，但方式更为微妙，对胃肠道系统产生不利影响，导致腹泻并最终消瘦。基于血液学指标，最低观察到有害作用剂量为40mg/kg/d，基于未出现表明有害作用的结果，未观察到有害作用剂量为10mg/kg/d。
