Olesen Inge A, Sonne Si Brask, Hoei-Hansen Christina E, Rajpert-De Meyts Ewa, Skakkebaek Niels E
University Department of Growth & Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Sep;21(3):462-78. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2007.04.002.
The testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) hypothesis proposes that a proportion of the male reproductive disorders-cryptorchidism, hypospadias, infertility and testicular cancer-may be symptoms of one underlying developmental disease, TDS, which is most likely a result of disturbed gonadal development in the embryo. TDS may be caused by genetic factors, environmental/life-style factors, or a combination of both. Some rare disorders of sex development of genetic origin are among the best-known examples of severe TDS. Among the environmental and life-style factors that are suspected to influence the hormonal milieu of the developing gonad are the endocrine disrupters. A prenatal exposure to commonly used chemicals, e.g. phthalates, may result in a TDS-like phenotype in rats. Currently, this animal model is the best model for TDS. In humans the situation is much more complex, and TDS exists in a wide range of phenotypes: from the mildest and most common form, in which impaired spermatogenesis is the only symptom, to the most severe cases, in which the patient may develop testicular cancer. It is of great importance that clinicians in different specialties treating patients with TDS are aware of the association between the different symptoms.
睾丸发育不全综合征（TDS）假说提出，一部分男性生殖系统疾病——隐睾症、尿道下裂、不育症和睾丸癌——可能是一种潜在发育疾病TDS的症状，而TDS很可能是胚胎期性腺发育紊乱的结果。TDS可能由遗传因素、环境/生活方式因素或两者共同引起。一些罕见的遗传性性发育障碍是严重TDS最著名的例子。在内分泌干扰物中，怀疑影响发育中性腺激素环境的环境和生活方式因素包括在内。产前接触常用化学物质，如邻苯二甲酸盐，可能导致大鼠出现TDS样表型。目前，这种动物模型是TDS的最佳模型。在人类中，情况要复杂得多，TDS存在多种表型：从最轻微、最常见的形式（其中精子发生受损是唯一症状）到最严重的病例（其中患者可能患上睾丸癌）。不同专科治疗TDS患者的临床医生了解不同症状之间的关联非常重要。
