Carroll Daniel J, Apperly Ian A, Riggs Kevin J
Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK.
J Exp Child Psychol. 2007 Nov;98(3):184-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2007.08.001. Epub 2007 Sep 18.
In the present experiment, we used a reversed-contingency paradigm (the windows task: [Russell, J., Mauthner, N., Sharpe, S., & Tidswell, T. (1991). The windows task as a measure of strategic deception in preschoolers and autistic subjects. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 331-349]) to explore the effect of alterations in the task array on 3-year-old children's strategic reasoning. Children were offered a choice between either a desirable object and an undesirable object, or between a desirable object and an empty location. There was significantly better performance on the two-object version of the task. This difference was evident even on subsequent trials when the second object was removed and the empty location reintroduced. This suggests that presenting children with a choice between two objects helps them to formulate a strategy, rather than to execute a previously determined response.
在本实验中，我们采用了一种反向 contingency 范式（窗口任务：[罗素，J.，莫特纳，N.，夏普，S.，& 蒂兹韦尔，T.（1991 年）。窗口任务作为学龄前儿童和自闭症受试者策略性欺骗的一种测量方法。《英国发展心理学杂志》，9，331 - 349]）来探究任务阵列的改变对 3 岁儿童策略性推理的影响。儿童可以在一个合意的物体和一个不合意的物体之间进行选择，或者在一个合意的物体和一个空位置之间进行选择。在任务的双物体版本中表现明显更好。即使在随后的试验中第二个物体被移除且重新引入空位置时，这种差异仍然很明显。这表明向儿童提供两个物体之间的选择有助于他们制定策略，而不是执行先前确定的反应。
