Hala S, Russell J
Psychology Department, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
J Exp Child Psychol. 2001 Oct;80(2):112-41. doi: 10.1006/jecp.2000.2627.
Recently it has been claimed that the difficulty young children have with tests of strategic deception may be due to limitations in executive control rather than lack of insight into mental concepts. In the studies reported here we asked how reducing the executive demands of one measure of strategic deception, the windows task (J. Russell, N. Mauthner, S. Sharpe, & T. Tidswell, 1991), would affect performance. Study 1 demonstrated that both providing an artificial response medium and having children play in partnership enabled 3-year-olds to adopt a successful strategy. Study 2 examined whether social or executive factors accounted for the good performance of children when they played in partnership. Study 3 ruled out the possibility that the effectiveness of the artificial media was a result of reducing social intimidation-the manipulations were effective even in the presence the opponent. These results argue for executive factors playing a substantial role in the development of strategic deception.
最近有人声称，幼儿在策略性欺骗测试中遇到的困难可能是由于执行控制方面的限制，而不是缺乏对心理概念的洞察。在本文所报告的研究中，我们探讨了降低策略性欺骗的一种测量方法——窗户任务（J. 拉塞尔、N. 毛特纳、S. 夏普和T. 蒂兹韦尔，1991）的执行要求会如何影响表现。研究1表明，提供一种人为的反应媒介以及让孩子们以小组形式参与游戏，这两种方式都能使3岁儿童采用成功的策略。研究2考察了在孩子们以小组形式参与游戏时，是社会因素还是执行因素导致了他们的良好表现。研究3排除了人为媒介有效性是减少社会威慑的结果这一可能性——即使对手在场，这些操作仍然有效。这些结果表明执行因素在策略性欺骗的发展中起着重要作用。
