Dackor Ryan, Caron Kathleen
Department of Cell & Molecular Physiology, CB #7545, 103 Mason Farm Road, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
Peptides. 2007 Nov;28(11):2164-70. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.08.012. Epub 2007 Aug 21.
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a highly conserved peptide that can act as a potent vasodilator, anti-microbial factor and anti-inflammatory factor. Several studies have implicated diverse roles for AM in regulating the inflammatory and hemodynamic responses to septic shock. Moreover, during sepsis the receptors that mediate AM signaling [calcitonin receptor-like receptor (calcrl) and receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMP) 2 and 3] undergo dynamic and robust changes in their expression. Although numerous studies have used animal models to study the role of administered or increased AM in septic animals, genetic studies to determine the consequences of reduced AM during septic shock have not yet been performed. Here, we used a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic shock to assess the inflammatory response in mice heterozygous for the AM gene. Following LPS challenge, AM(+/-) mice had higher expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta than LPS-treated wild-type (WT) controls. Consequently, serum TNF-alpha was also significantly elevated in LPS-treated AM(+/-) mice compared to WT LPS-treated mice. We also observed higher serum levels of liver enzymes, suggesting more advanced end-organ damage in mice with genetically reduced AM. Finally, we found that RAMP2 and calcrl expression levels were markedly reduced in LPS-treated mice, whereas RAMP3 expression was significantly elevated. Importantly, these changes in receptor gene expression were conserved in AM(+/-) mice, demonstrating that AM peptide itself does not impact directly on the expression of the genes encoding its receptors. We, therefore, conclude that during septic shock the dynamic modulation of AM and its receptors primarily functions to dampen the inflammatory response.
肾上腺髓质素(AM)是一种高度保守的肽,可作为强效血管舒张剂、抗微生物因子和抗炎因子。多项研究表明,AM在调节脓毒性休克的炎症和血流动力学反应中具有多种作用。此外,在脓毒症期间,介导AM信号传导的受体[降钙素受体样受体(CALCRL)和受体活性修饰蛋白(RAMP)2和3]的表达会发生动态且显著的变化。尽管众多研究已使用动物模型来研究给予或增加AM在脓毒症动物中的作用,但尚未进行基因研究以确定脓毒性休克期间AM减少的后果。在此,我们使用脂多糖(LPS)诱导的脓毒性休克小鼠模型来评估AM基因杂合小鼠的炎症反应。LPS攻击后,AM(+/-)小鼠的TNF-α和IL-1β表达高于LPS处理的野生型(WT)对照。因此,与WT LPS处理的小鼠相比,LPS处理的AM(+/-)小鼠的血清TNF-α也显著升高。我们还观察到肝酶血清水平较高,这表明AM基因减少的小鼠存在更严重的终末器官损伤。最后,我们发现LPS处理的小鼠中RAMP2和CALCRL表达水平显著降低,而RAMP3表达显著升高。重要的是,这些受体基因表达的变化在AM(+/-)小鼠中是保守的,这表明AM肽本身不会直接影响其受体编码基因的表达。因此,我们得出结论,在脓毒性休克期间,AM及其受体的动态调节主要起到减轻炎症反应的作用。