Dechesne Magali, Soyeux Emmanuel
Veolia Environnement Research & Innovation, 36-38 Avenue Kleber, 75116, Paris, France.
J Water Health. 2007;5 Suppl 1:39-50. doi: 10.2166/wh.2007.133.
During the last decade, the source to tap risk-based approach to pathogens in drinking water has been largely promoted. This paper addresses the issue of source water pathogen contamination, which is the first step of quantitative microbial risk assessment. It is focused on a selection of pathogens considered to be a major risk to human health. Source water quality is highly variable and understanding the reasons for this variability is important as it will influence the requirements for treatment, treatment efficiency and the resulting health risk associated with the finished water. A framework for source water microbial quality assessment based on catchment surveys and monitoring programmes was set and tested on ten water sources. The monitoring programmes included faecal indicators and pathogens, during both baseline and hazardous event conditions. Concentrations varied greatly within and between systems. Faecal indicators were shown to be poor surrogates for pathogen presence and concentrations. There was no recurring evidence that the pathogens correlated together and links between microbial parameters appeared to be very site specific. Such variability between systems shows the importance of running local monitoring programs for use in risk assessment. Finally, pathogen detection methods are not yet optimal due to their sensitivity and to the lack of knowledge on viability and infectivity of pathogens. A great effort needs to be made in the future to ensure better quality data as this may have large implications in the statistical risk assessment calculations.
在过去十年中，基于风险的饮用水病原体检测方法得到了大力推广。本文探讨了水源性病原体污染问题，这是定量微生物风险评估的第一步。它聚焦于一些被认为对人类健康构成重大风险的病原体。水源水质变化很大，了解这种变化的原因很重要，因为它会影响处理要求、处理效率以及与成品水相关的健康风险。基于集水区调查和监测计划建立了一个水源微生物质量评估框架，并在十个水源上进行了测试。监测计划包括在基线和危险事件条件下的粪便指示菌和病原体。系统内部和系统之间的浓度差异很大。粪便指示菌被证明不能很好地替代病原体的存在和浓度。没有反复出现的证据表明病原体之间存在关联，微生物参数之间的联系似乎非常具有地点特异性。系统之间的这种变异性表明了开展用于风险评估的本地监测计划的重要性。最后，由于病原体检测方法的敏感性以及对病原体活力和传染性缺乏了解，这些方法尚未达到最佳状态。未来需要做出巨大努力以确保获得质量更好的数据，因为这可能对统计风险评估计算产生重大影响。
