National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Expert Centre for Methodology and Information Services, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Water Res. 2011 Nov 1;45(17):5564-76. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.024. Epub 2011 Aug 23.
In the Netherlands, a health based target for microbially safe drinking water is set at less than one infection per 10,000 persons per year. For the assessment of the microbial safety of drinking water, Dutch drinking water suppliers must conduct a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) at least every three years for the so-called index pathogens enterovirus, Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. In order to collect raw data in the proper format and to automate the process of QMRA, an interactive user-friendly computational tool, QMRAspot, was developed to analyze and conduct QMRA for drinking water produced from surface water. This paper gives a description of the raw data requirements for QMRA as well as a functional description of the tool. No extensive prior knowledge about QMRA modeling is required by the user, because QMRAspot provides guidance to the user on the quantity, type and format of raw data and performs a complete analysis of the raw data to yield a risk outcome for drinking water consumption that can be compared with other production locations, a legislative standard or an acceptable health based target. The uniform approach promotes proper collection and usage of raw data and, warrants quality of the risk assessment as well as enhances efficiency, i.e., less time is required. QMRAspot may facilitate QMRA for drinking water suppliers worldwide. The tool aids policy makers and other involved parties in formulating mitigation strategies, and prioritization and evaluation of effective preventive measures as integral part of water safety plans.
在荷兰，基于健康的微生物安全饮用水目标设定为每年每 10000 人感染小于 1 例。为了评估饮用水的微生物安全性，荷兰饮用水供应商必须至少每三年对所谓的指数病原体肠道病毒、弯曲杆菌、隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫进行定量微生物风险评估 (QMRA)。为了以适当的格式收集原始数据并实现 QMRA 流程的自动化，开发了一个交互式用户友好的计算工具 QMRAspot，用于分析和进行源自地表水的饮用水的 QMRA。本文介绍了 QMRA 的原始数据要求以及该工具的功能描述。用户不需要对 QMRA 建模有广泛的先验知识，因为 QMRAspot 为用户提供了有关原始数据的数量、类型和格式的指导，并对原始数据进行了完整的分析，以得出饮用水消费的风险结果，该结果可与其他生产地点、法规标准或可接受的基于健康的目标进行比较。这种统一的方法促进了原始数据的正确收集和使用，并保证了风险评估的质量，提高了效率，即减少了所需的时间。QMRAspot 可以促进全球饮用水供应商进行 QMRA。该工具有助于决策者和其他相关方制定缓解策略，并对有效预防措施进行优先级排序和评估，作为水安全计划的组成部分。
