Humphrey J A
University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA.
Dis Nerv Syst. 1974 Sep;35(9):432-5.
The purpose of this study is to attempt to indicate a possible process by which a sociopathic personality emerges. It is contended that sociopathic behavior can be understood in relation to the emergence of the self and the concomitant ability to take the role of the other. For the purposes of this study the sociopath is conceptualized as one who is deficient in role-taking ability, that is, he is unable to judge his own behavior from the viewpoint of another person. The socialization process is considered crucial in the emergence of the self and the ability to take the role of the other. Adequate socialization is that which take place under conditions of primary relations between the socializing agents and the person(s) being socialized. It is assumed therefore that socialization which occurs under conditions of secondary relations is inadequate. Socialization marked by secondary relations characteristically occurs within institutions. This study specifically focuses on the relationship between childhood institutionalization and sociopathic behavior in later life. The samples consisted of 50 sociopaths and 59 non-sociopaths (32 paranoid schizophrenics and 27 psychoneurotics) randomly drawn from the resident male caucasian population of the New Hampshire Hospital. Although age was not consciously controlled, each of the samples had similar age distributions with the majority of the patients falling between the ages of 20 and 34. The major hypothesis was: the incidence of early institutionalization (before the age of 16) among the sociopaths will be significantly higher than for mental patients diagnosed other than sociopathic. The data were classified as follows: institutionalization was divided into two types; orphanages and "other residential institutions" solely responsible for the care of the child. The findings indicate that there is a statistically significant association between early institutionalization and sociopathic behavior in later life. The incidence of institutionalization was consistently higher for the sociopaths than for the total non-sociopathic sample and for each sub-set of that sample. The findings of this study seem to support the theoretical assumption that childhood socialization that takes place under conditions of secondary relations between the child and the socializing agents will be ineffective for the development of a self with adequate role-taking ability. Sociopathic behavior may be a consequence of such socialization experiences.
本研究的目的是试图指出反社会人格形成的一种可能过程。有人认为，反社会行为可以从自我的出现以及随之而来的扮演他人角色的能力方面来理解。为了本研究的目的，反社会者被概念化为一个缺乏角色扮演能力的人，也就是说，他无法从他人的角度来判断自己的行为。社会化过程被认为对自我的出现以及扮演他人角色的能力至关重要。充分的社会化是在社会化主体与被社会化者之间的初级关系条件下发生的。因此可以假定，在次级关系条件下发生的社会化是不充分的。以次级关系为特征的社会化通常发生在机构内。本研究特别关注童年时期在机构中生活与日后反社会行为之间的关系。样本包括从新罕布什尔医院的白人男性住院患者中随机抽取的50名反社会者和59名非反社会者（32名偏执型精神分裂症患者和27名精神神经症患者）。尽管年龄没有刻意控制，但每个样本的年龄分布相似，大多数患者年龄在20岁至34岁之间。主要假设是：反社会者中早期（16岁之前）在机构中生活的发生率将显著高于被诊断为非反社会型的精神患者。数据分类如下：在机构中生活分为两种类型；孤儿院和仅负责照顾儿童的“其他寄宿机构”。研究结果表明，早期在机构中生活与日后的反社会行为之间存在统计学上的显著关联。反社会者在机构中生活的发生率始终高于整个非反社会样本及其每个子集。本研究的结果似乎支持了这样一种理论假设，即儿童与社会化主体之间在次级关系条件下发生的童年社会化对于发展具有充分角色扮演能力的自我是无效的。反社会行为可能是这种社会化经历的结果。
