Bernardes Sónia F, Keogh Edmund, Lima Maria Luísa
ISCTE-Lisbon University Institute/Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social (CIS), Department of Social and Organizational Psychology (cacifo 34 AA), Av. das Forças Armadas, 1649-023 Lisbon, Portugal.
Eur J Pain. 2008 May;12(4):427-40. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.08.007. Epub 2007 Oct 23.
Evidence suggests that males and females differ with respect to the perception and experience of pain. Much of this work focuses on biological factors, yet it is also acknowledged that psychosocial issues are important. Within humans, socially and culturally constructed meanings of being and acting as a man or a woman should help us understand sex-related differences in pain. However, such an approach has not been widely adopted, partly because of problems conveying sex and gender concepts. We argue here for an assimilation of gender studies concepts into pain research as a means of developing our understanding of the psychosocial influences on pain in men and women. In order to bridge the gap between gender studies and pain, we draw on theoretical developments in such gender concepts, and illustrate their application to pain. We make use of Doise's [Doise W. Levels of explanation in social psychology [Mapstone E, Trans.]. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. 1986 [original work published 1982]] meta-theoretical model of levels of explanation in social psychology to show how gender may be conceptualized at an intra-individual, situational, positional and ideological level of analysis. We then selectively review existing gender and pain research using these different levels of explanation. In doing so we also highlight that by considering the gender conceptualizations underpinning such studies we are able to point to directions for future research. We conclude by arguing that this approach opens up a new avenue for pain researchers, which we hope will further our understanding of this interesting phenomena.
有证据表明，男性和女性在疼痛感知和体验方面存在差异。这项工作大多聚焦于生物学因素，但人们也承认心理社会问题很重要。在人类中，作为男性或女性的存在及行为的社会和文化建构意义，应有助于我们理解疼痛方面的性别差异。然而，这种方法尚未被广泛采用，部分原因在于传达性别概念存在问题。我们在此主张将性别研究概念融入疼痛研究，以此加深我们对心理社会因素对男性和女性疼痛影响的理解。为弥合性别研究与疼痛之间的差距，我们借鉴此类性别概念的理论发展，并说明其在疼痛研究中的应用。我们利用杜瓦斯（Doise W.《社会心理学中的解释层次》[马普斯通E译]。英国剑桥：剑桥大学出版社。1986年[原著出版于1982年]）的社会心理学解释层次元理论模型，展示在个体内部、情境、地位和意识形态分析层面上如何对性别进行概念化。然后，我们运用这些不同的解释层次，有选择地回顾现有的性别与疼痛研究。在此过程中，我们还强调，通过考虑此类研究背后的性别概念化，我们能够指明未来研究的方向。我们在结论中指出，这种方法为疼痛研究人员开辟了一条新途径，我们希望这将增进我们对这一有趣现象的理解。
