西印度群岛特立尼达和多巴哥的农药监管、使用及零售商销售行为：现状与所需变革

Pinto Pereira Lexley M, Boysielal Kim, Siung-Chang Avril

Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad, West Indies.

Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2007 Aug;22(2):83-90. doi: 10.1590/s1020-49892007000700002.

OBJECTIVE

To explore pesticide regulation in Trinidad and Tobago, and to ascertain pesticide utilization and retailers' selling practices on Trinidad, which is the larger of twin islands that constitute the republic of Trinidad and Tobago.

METHODS

Between February and June 2005, agrochemical retailers in Trinidad were surveyed about the most frequently sold pesticides and their knowledge and practices of pesticide sale. The Poisons and Toxic Chemicals Control Board of the Ministry of Health informed on legislature.

RESULTS

Of 107 actively trading licensed pesticide outlets, 97 participated (91% response rate) in the survey. Currently only 2.9% (21) of 720 registered products from four chemical classes are frequently utilized. Paraquat, methomyl, and alpha-cypermethrin (respective trade names are Gramoxone, Lannate, and Fastac) from World Health Organization (WHO) Hazard Classes I and II, and glyphosate isopropylamine (Swiper, Class U) are the most frequently purchased pesticides. Pet shops constitute 39.2% (38) of retail shops selling pesticides. No regulations guide pesticide sale to agriculturists, and children may purchase them. Inadequate human and technical resources render legislative controls ineffective and disciplinary action against offenders is weak. Extensive governmental resources are employed in legislative procedures and product approval for the very low, 2.9% utilization rate, negatively impacting on monitoring pesticide sales. The Poisons Information Centre (PIC) does not liaise with the Poisons and Toxic Chemicals Control Board or provide educational interventions for the community. As a result of this survey, it was possible to develop the first database to include the chemical, brand, and colloquial names of pesticides used in Trinidad and Tobago; WHO classification of approved pesticides; manufacturers; packaging; and antidotes and their availability for use by the Board and health professionals in Trinidad.

CONCLUSIONS

Urgent critical evaluation of legislation regarding pesticide imports and use, and partnership with the Rotterdam Convention are recommended for Trinidad and Tobago. A strengthened Poisons Information Centre can provide educational initiatives and information on early management of pesticide exposure.

目的

探索特立尼达和多巴哥的农药监管情况，并确定在构成特立尼达和多巴哥共和国的两个岛屿中较大的特立尼达岛上农药的使用情况以及零售商的销售行为。

方法

2005年2月至6月期间，对特立尼达的农用化学品零售商进行了调查，了解最常销售的农药以及他们在农药销售方面的知识和行为。卫生部的毒药和有毒化学品控制委员会提供了相关立法信息。

结果

在107家活跃经营的有执照的农药销售点中，97家参与了调查（回复率为91%）。目前，来自四个化学类别的720种注册产品中只有2.9%（21种）被频繁使用。来自世界卫生组织（WHO）危险类别I和II的百草枯、灭多威和高效氯氰菊酯（各自的商品名分别为克无踪、万灵和快杀敌）以及草甘膦异丙胺盐（斯威普，U类）是最常被购买的农药。宠物店占销售农药的零售店铺的39.2%（38家）。没有法规指导向农业从业者销售农药，儿童也可能购买农药。人力和技术资源不足使得立法控制无效，对违规者的纪律处分也很薄弱。大量政府资源用于立法程序和产品审批，但利用率极低，仅为2.9%，这对监测农药销售产生了负面影响。毒药信息中心（PIC）不与毒药和有毒化学品控制委员会联络，也不向社区提供教育干预措施。通过这次调查，有可能建立第一个数据库，其中包括特立尼达和多巴哥使用的农药的化学名称、品牌名称和俗称；WHO对批准农药的分类；制造商；包装；以及解毒剂及其可供特立尼达的委员会和卫生专业人员使用的情况。