Bekarian Nyree, Payne-Sturges Devon, Edmondson Stuart, Chism Bill, Woodruff Tracey J
US Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health and Environmental Policy Team, National Center for Environmental Economics, 75 Hawthorne St, MC PPA-1 San Francisco, CA 94105, USA.
Environ Health. 2006 May 25;5:15. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-5-15.
Residential-use pesticides have been shown to be a major source of pesticide exposure to people in the United States. However, little is understood about the exposures to household pesticides and the resultant health effects. One reason that little is known about home-use pesticide exposure is the lack of comprehensive data on exposures to pesticides in the home. One method to help ascertain the amount of pesticides present in the home is use of point-of-sale data collected from marketing companies that track product sales to obtain the volume of pesticides sold for home-use. This provides a measure of volume of home-use pesticide.
We have constructed a searchable database containing sales data for home-use permethrin-containing pesticides sold by retail stores in the United States from January 1997 through December 2002 in an attempt to develop a tracking method for pesticide. This pilot project was conducted to determine if point-of-sale data would be effective in helping track the purchase of home-use permethrin containing pesticides and if it would stand as a good model for tracking sales of other home-use pesticides.
There are several limitations associated with this tracking method, including the availability of sales data, market coverage, and geographic resolution. As a result, a fraction of sales data potentially available for reporting is represented in this database. However, the database is sensitive to the number and type of merchants reporting permethrin sales. Further, analysis of the sale of individual products included in the database indicates that year to year variability has a greater impact on reported permethrin sales than the amount sold by each type of merchant.
We conclude that, while nothing could completely replace a detailed exposure assessment to estimate exposures to home-use pesticides, a point-of-sale database is a useful tool in tracking the purchase of these types of pesticides to 1) detect anomalous trends in regional and seasonal pesticide sales warranting further investigation into the potential causes of the trends; 2) determine the most commonly purchased application types; and 3) compare relative trends in sales between indoor and outdoor use products as well as compare trends in sales between different active ingredients.
在美国，家用杀虫剂已被证明是人们接触杀虫剂的主要来源。然而，对于家庭杀虫剂暴露情况及其对健康产生的影响，我们了解甚少。对家用杀虫剂暴露情况知之甚少的一个原因是缺乏关于家庭中杀虫剂暴露的全面数据。一种有助于确定家庭中杀虫剂含量的方法是利用从营销公司收集的销售点数据，这些公司追踪产品销售情况以获取家用杀虫剂的销售量。这提供了一种衡量家用杀虫剂使用量的方法。
我们构建了一个可搜索的数据库，其中包含1997年1月至2002年12月美国零售商店销售的含氯菊酯家用杀虫剂的销售数据，旨在开发一种杀虫剂追踪方法。开展这个试点项目是为了确定销售点数据在帮助追踪含氯菊酯家用杀虫剂的购买情况方面是否有效，以及它是否能成为追踪其他家用杀虫剂销售情况的良好模型。
这种追踪方法存在若干局限性，包括销售数据的可得性、市场覆盖范围和地理分辨率。因此，该数据库仅涵盖了可能可供报告的部分销售数据。然而，该数据库对报告氯菊酯销售情况的商家数量和类型很敏感。此外，对数据库中包含的个别产品销售情况的分析表明，逐年变化对报告的氯菊酯销售量的影响大于各类商家的销售量。
我们得出结论，虽然没有任何方法能完全取代详细的暴露评估来估计家用杀虫剂的暴露情况，但销售点数据库是追踪这类杀虫剂购买情况的有用工具，可用于：1）发现区域和季节性杀虫剂销售中的异常趋势，从而有必要进一步调查这些趋势的潜在原因；2）确定最常购买的施用类型；3）比较室内和室外使用产品的销售相对趋势，以及比较不同活性成分产品的销售趋势。
