Garnica Sigisfredo, Weiss Michael, Walther Grit, Oberwinkler Franz
Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Botanisches Institut, Lehrstuhl für Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
Mycol Res. 2007 Sep;111(Pt 9):1019-29. doi: 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.019. Epub 2007 Apr 6.
Traditional classifications of agaric fungi involve gross morphology of their fruit bodies and meiospore print-colour. However, the phylogeny of these fungi and the evolution of their morphological and ecological traits are poorly understood. Phylogenetic analyses have already demonstrated that characters used in traditional classifications of basidiomycetes may be heavily affected by homoplasy, and that non-gilled taxa evolved within the agarics several times. By integrating molecular phylogenetic analyses including domains D1-D3 and D7-D8 of nucLSU rDNA and domains A-C of the RPB1 gene with morphological and chemical data from representative species of 88 genera, we were able to resolve higher groups of agarics. We found that the species with thick-walled and pigmented basidiospores constitute a derived group, and hypothesize that this specific combination of characters represents an evolutionary advantage by increasing the tolerance of the basidiospores to dehydration and solar radiation and so opened up new ecological niches, e.g. the colonization of dung substrates by enabling basidiospores to survive gut passages through herbivores. Our results confirm the validity of basidiospore morphology as a phylogenetic marker in the agarics.
伞菌纲真菌的传统分类涉及其子实体的总体形态和担孢子印的颜色。然而，人们对这些真菌的系统发育以及它们形态和生态特征的进化了解甚少。系统发育分析已经表明，担子菌传统分类中所使用的特征可能会受到同塑性的严重影响，并且无菌褶类群在伞菌纲中多次进化。通过整合包括核糖体大亚基核DNA（nucLSU rDNA）的D1 - D3和D7 - D8结构域以及RNA聚合酶II最大亚基（RPB1）基因的A - C结构域在内的分子系统发育分析，以及来自88个属的代表性物种的形态和化学数据，我们得以解析伞菌纲的高级类群。我们发现具有厚壁和有色担孢子的物种构成一个衍生类群，并推测这种特定的特征组合通过提高担孢子对脱水和太阳辐射的耐受性而代表了一种进化优势，从而开辟了新的生态位，例如通过使担孢子能够在食草动物的肠道中存活，从而实现对粪便基质的定殖。我们的结果证实了担孢子形态作为伞菌纲系统发育标记的有效性。
