Krasiński Rafał, Tchórzewski Henryk
Zakład Patofizjologii i Immunologii Klinicznej, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi.
Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2007 Nov 19;61:683-9.
Hyaluronan is high-molecular-weight biopolymer. Its linear structure is created by repeating disaccharide units. A single unit is composed of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid. Hyaluronan is the main component of the extracellular matrix. Apart from its structural role, hyaluronan can influence cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, angiogenesis, as well as inflammation and immune cell function. During inflammation, high-molecular-weight hyaluronan is broken down under the influence of free radicals and enzymes to smaller fragments. Numerous literature data show that the effect of haluronan on immune cells is closely dependent on its molecular mass. High-molecular-weight hyaluronan can participate in restraining inflammation, while the low-molecular-weight form possesses a proinflammatory effect and activates immune cells. Through interaction with surface receptors (CD44, RHAMM, TLR4), hyaluronan fragments stimulate immune cells and enhance cytokine and reactive oxygen species production as well as other factors participating in inflammation. Hyaluronate can thus be an important regulator of the inflammatory process. Low-molecular-weight fragments deliver signal about tissue damage and mobilize immune cells, while the high-molecular-form suppresses immune cell function and prevents excessive exacerbation of inflammation.
透明质酸是一种高分子量生物聚合物。其线性结构由重复的二糖单元构成。单个单元由N - 乙酰 - D - 葡萄糖胺和D - 葡萄糖醛酸组成。透明质酸是细胞外基质的主要成分。除了其结构作用外，透明质酸还可影响细胞增殖、分化和迁移、血管生成以及炎症和免疫细胞功能。在炎症过程中，高分子量透明质酸在自由基和酶的作用下分解为较小的片段。众多文献数据表明，透明质酸对免疫细胞的影响与其分子量密切相关。高分子量透明质酸可参与抑制炎症，而低分子量形式则具有促炎作用并激活免疫细胞。通过与表面受体（CD44、RHAMM、TLR4）相互作用，透明质酸片段刺激免疫细胞并增强细胞因子和活性氧的产生以及其他参与炎症的因子。因此，透明质酸盐可能是炎症过程的重要调节因子。低分子量片段传递组织损伤信号并动员免疫细胞，而高分子量形式则抑制免疫细胞功能并防止炎症过度加剧。
