Delagardelle Charles, Ries Fernand, Feiereisen Patrick, Urhausen Axel
Service de cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier, Luxembourg.
Bull Soc Sci Med Grand Duche Luxemb. 2007(2):109-24.
Over the last 20 years systematic doping has become a major threat for elite sport. So far, there is no clear information about the daily practice of doping. Repeated scandals and recent personal statements have added to our knowledge. Several more recent doping agents like Erythropoietin (EPO) and, probably, growth hormone (GH) enhance performance in a highly effective way and, together with the well known anabolic steroids (AAS), belong to the major doping categories. The introduction of EPO has really changed the paradigm in endurance sports allowing a good middle class athlete to become a champion. It is evident that doping practices are influenced by the possibilities of the anti-doping control system. Unethical, criminal medical doctors play a decisive role in the ongoing practice of major doping. Apart from the already mentioned substances AAS, EPO and GH several novel drugs appear on the horizon. They are highly effective and there is no doubt that they will be used in attempts to improve performance. During the last years, doping control systems have also been improved: EPO can now be detected in urine samples and the detection of AAS has also become much more sensitive. However GH hormone detection is not possible at the moment and this remains a major weakness of doping control. Other problems are the control procedures which are far from being optimal. In the future the quality of doping controls will be decisive and not only the quantity; controls will have to be "intelligent". The effective fight against doping in the next years will decide about the survival of elite sport.
在过去20年里，系统性使用兴奋剂已成为精英体育的一大威胁。到目前为止，关于兴奋剂使用的日常情况尚无明确信息。反复出现的丑闻以及近期的个人陈述增加了我们对此的了解。一些较新的兴奋剂，如促红细胞生成素（EPO），或许还有生长激素（GH），能非常有效地提高成绩，与众所周知的合成代谢类固醇（AAS）一样，都属于主要的兴奋剂类别。EPO的引入确实改变了耐力运动的模式，能让一名普通的中产阶级运动员成为冠军。显然，兴奋剂使用行为受到反兴奋剂控制系统的影响。不道德、违法的医生在主要兴奋剂的持续使用中起决定性作用。除了上述提到的AAS、EPO和GH等物质外，还有几种新型药物即将出现。它们效果显著，毫无疑问会被用于提高成绩的尝试中。在过去几年里，反兴奋剂控制系统也有所改进：现在可以在尿液样本中检测到EPO，对AAS的检测也变得更加灵敏。然而，目前还无法检测生长激素，这仍然是反兴奋剂控制的一大弱点。其他问题是控制程序远非最佳状态。未来，反兴奋剂控制的质量将起决定性作用，而不仅仅是数量；控制必须“智能化”。未来几年有效打击兴奋剂的行动将决定精英体育的存亡。
