Zerjav S
Srp Arh Celok Lek. 1992 Nov;120 Suppl 5:1-8.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) has been identified as the primary cause of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV-1 is a prototypical member of the laentivirinae subfamily of human retroviruses. The infections with HIV are notable for involvement of the nervous system, long periods of clinical latency and weak humoral immune responses complicated by persistent viraemia. HIV is spread by sexual contact, exposure to infected blood or blood products, and perinatal transmission from mother to child. The most important feature of HIV is a remarkable complexity of its viral genome. Besides T cells and monocytes, HIV may also infect other types of cells, including glial cells, gut epithelium, and bone marrow progenitors. It has become increasingly important to have sensitive and specific methods to establish the presence of absence of HIV infection. The diagnosis of HIV infection depends on detection of specific antibodies to HIV, detection of circulating viral antigens, isolation of the virus from clinical specimens of detection of genetic material in infected cells and plasma. The most widely used are ELISA as a screening test and Western blot as a confirmatory test.
人类免疫缺陷病毒1型（HIV）已被确定为获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）的主要病因。HIV-1是人类逆转录病毒慢病毒亚科的典型成员。HIV感染的显著特点是累及神经系统、临床潜伏期长以及伴有持续性病毒血症的微弱体液免疫反应。HIV通过性接触、接触受感染的血液或血液制品以及母婴围产期传播。HIV最重要的特征是其病毒基因组具有显著的复杂性。除了T细胞和单核细胞外，HIV还可能感染其他类型的细胞，包括神经胶质细胞、肠道上皮细胞和骨髓祖细胞。拥有灵敏且特异的方法来确定是否存在HIV感染变得越来越重要。HIV感染的诊断取决于检测针对HIV的特异性抗体、循环病毒抗原的检测、从临床标本中分离病毒、检测感染细胞和血浆中的遗传物质。最广泛使用的是作为筛查试验的ELISA和作为确认试验的Western印迹法。
