Brůcková M, Kopecká D, Syrůcek L
Institut hygieny a epidemiologie, Praha.
Cesk Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol. 1990 Jan;39(1):1-7.
The author describes and evaluates different approaches in laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection and AIDS. Serological detection of anti-HIV antibodies provides despite some limitations very good diagnostic opportunities. ELISA screening tests supplemented by confirming tests, in particular the Western blot, ensure maximum accuracy of the obtained results. Evidence of the viral antigen in serum is used as a diagnostic criterium only in special instances and serves rather for monitoring of the state of HIV infected subjects than screening for new cases of infection. Cultivation of the virus from clinical material is difficult but in some instances, e.g. in neonates and young children it is the only evidence of HIV infection. Recently for diagnostic purposes molecular biological methods are used, in particular amplification of proviral DNA by a polymerase chain reaction. Their application is, however, so far restricted to research departments because they are technically and economically pretentious.
作者描述并评估了HIV感染和艾滋病实验室诊断的不同方法。抗HIV抗体的血清学检测尽管存在一些局限性，但仍提供了很好的诊断机会。酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）筛查试验辅以确证试验，特别是免疫印迹法，可确保所获结果的最大准确性。血清中病毒抗原的检测仅在特殊情况下用作诊断标准，更多是用于监测HIV感染者的状态，而非筛查新的感染病例。从临床材料中培养病毒很困难，但在某些情况下，例如在新生儿和幼儿中，这是HIV感染的唯一证据。最近，为了诊断目的使用了分子生物学方法，特别是通过聚合酶链反应扩增前病毒DNA。然而，到目前为止，它们的应用仅限于研究部门，因为它们在技术和经济方面要求很高。
