Muskat Peter C
Division of Trauma/Surgical Critical Care, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, PO Box 670558, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati OH 45267-0058, USA.
Respir Care. 2008 Jan;53(1):58-63; discussion 63-6.
Exposure to chemical agents, both deliberate and accidental, over the past 100 years has resulted in the deaths of thousands and a significant number of casualties requiring hospitalization. The respiratory system is an important portal of entry into the human body for many of these agents, and pulmonary symptoms are a hallmark of many chemical exposures. The 4 major chemical warfare agents are: lung-damaging, blood, blister, and nerve compounds. The review will cover historical exposures, signs and symptoms, treatment, and long-term consequences. There are numerous examples of deliberate (as well as accidental) exposure to harmful chemicals, and each incident requires the provider to understand the signs and symptoms of the particular chemical so that the correct treatment is provided. The respiratory implications of these agents appear to be dose and timing dependent, with full recovery often seen if supportive measures and appropriate antidotes are administered in a timely fashion.
在过去100年里，无论是蓄意还是意外接触化学制剂，已导致数千人死亡，还有大量人员伤亡需要住院治疗。呼吸系统是许多此类制剂进入人体的重要途径，肺部症状是许多化学物质接触的标志。4种主要的化学战剂为：肺损伤性、血液性、糜烂性和神经性化合物。本综述将涵盖既往接触情况、体征和症状、治疗方法以及长期后果。有许多蓄意（以及意外）接触有害化学物质的例子，每起事件都要求医疗人员了解特定化学物质的体征和症状，以便提供正确的治疗。这些制剂对呼吸系统的影响似乎取决于剂量和接触时间，如果及时采取支持措施并使用适当的解毒剂，通常可实现完全康复。
