Daly John W, Garraffo H Martin, Spande Thomas F, Giddings Lesley-Ann, Saporito Ralph A, Vieites David R, Vences Miguel
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, HHS, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
J Chem Ecol. 2008 Feb;34(2):252-79. doi: 10.1007/s10886-007-9396-9. Epub 2008 Jan 15.
Alkaloid profiles for 81 individual mantellid frogs, Mantella baroni (Boulenger 1988) (N = 19), M. bernhardi (N = 51), and M. madagascariensis (Grandidier 1877) (N = 11), from six different populations from Madagascar were examined. Marked individual differences in alkaloid composition (number, type, and amount) were observed between different species and between populations of the same species. Disjunct populations of each of the three species differed significantly in alkaloid composition. Sympatric populations of M. baroni and M. madagascariensis also differed significantly in alkaloid composition. In M. bernhardi, differences in alkaloid composition were marginally associated with different sexes. A total of 111 alkaloids, including isomers, were detected in analysis of the individuals from the three species. The majority (47%) appear likely to be obtained from dietary mites, whereas many of the others (18%) are presumed to be from ants, and a few (4%) are from millipedes. Putative dietary sources for the remaining alkaloids are generally unknown, but beetles are probably the source of at least some of the tricyclic alkaloids (6%). In addition, alkaloid compositions from extracts of groups of individuals from five additional populations of M. baroni and from one population of M. bernhardi (Vences et al. 1994) and one population of M. cowanii (Boulenger 1882) were examined. An additional 50 alkaloids, including isomers, were detected in the combined samples, bringing the total number of alkaloids identified from these four species of mantellid frogs to 161. Alkaloid compositions in mantellid poison frogs are diverse and highly dependent on geographic location that appear to be largely determined by the nature and availability of alkaloid-containing prey items.
对来自马达加斯加六个不同种群的81只曼蛙科青蛙进行了生物碱分析，这些青蛙包括巴氏曼蛙（Boulenger，1988年）（19只）、贝氏曼蛙（51只）和马达加斯加曼蛙（Grandidier，1877年）（11只）。在不同物种之间以及同一物种的不同种群之间，观察到生物碱组成（数量、类型和含量）存在显著的个体差异。这三个物种的隔离种群在生物碱组成上有显著差异。巴氏曼蛙和马达加斯加曼蛙的同域种群在生物碱组成上也有显著差异。在贝氏曼蛙中，生物碱组成的差异与性别有微弱关联。在对这三个物种个体的分析中，共检测到111种生物碱，包括异构体。其中大多数（47%）似乎是从食源螨虫中获取的，而其他许多（18%）据推测来自蚂蚁，少数（4%）来自千足虫。其余生物碱的假定食源通常未知，但甲虫可能是至少一些三环生物碱（6%）的来源。此外，还对来自巴氏曼蛙另外五个种群、贝氏曼蛙一个种群（Vences等人，1994年）和考氏曼蛙一个种群（Boulenger，1882年）的个体组提取物中的生物碱组成进行了检测。在合并样本中又检测到50种生物碱，包括异构体，使从这四种曼蛙科青蛙中鉴定出的生物碱总数达到161种。曼蛙科毒蛙的生物碱组成多样，且高度依赖地理位置，这似乎在很大程度上由含生物碱猎物的性质和可得性决定。
