Alexander D J
Virology Department, Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK.
Zoonoses Public Health. 2008;55(1):16-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01082.x.
The diagnosis of avian influenza (AI) virus infections, even highly pathogenic AI (HPAI), represents a considerable challenge due to the lack of pathognomonic or specific clinical signs and their variation in different avian hosts plus the marked antigenic variation amongst influenza A viruses. Conventional laboratory techniques involve the isolation, identification and characterization (including virulence estimates) of the virus. While this has proven successful in the past and remains the method of choice, for at least the initial outbreak, the delays associated with conventional diagnosis are often considered unacceptable for the application of control measures, especially stamping out policies, and there is an overwhelming demand for rapid results. More and more, molecular biological techniques are being used and in particular reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR technologies are being employed for rapid diagnosis. In this paper, clinical signs, the molecular basis for virulence of AI viruses, international definitions, conventional diagnosis and the use of molecular techniques are reviewed and discussed.
由于缺乏特征性或特异性临床症状，且这些症状在不同禽类宿主中存在差异，再加上甲型流感病毒之间显著的抗原变异，禽流感（AI）病毒感染的诊断，即使是高致病性禽流感（HPAI）的诊断，都面临着相当大的挑战。传统实验室技术包括病毒的分离、鉴定和特性分析（包括毒力评估）。虽然这在过去已被证明是成功的，并且仍然是首选方法，但至少在最初爆发时，与传统诊断相关的延迟通常被认为对于实施控制措施，尤其是扑杀政策而言是不可接受的，而且对快速结果有着迫切需求。越来越多的分子生物学技术正在被使用，特别是逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）和实时RT-PCR技术正被用于快速诊断。本文对临床症状、禽流感病毒毒力的分子基础、国际定义、传统诊断以及分子技术的应用进行了综述和讨论。
