Jürgens U
German Primate Center, Neurobiology, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, Germany.
J Voice. 2009 Jan;23(1):1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2007.07.005. Epub 2008 Jan 22.
The review describes a model of vocal control, based mainly on research in the squirrel monkey, which consists of two hierarchically organized pathways. One runs from the anterior cingulate cortex via the periaqueductal gray (PAG) into the reticular formation of pons and medulla oblongata, and from there to the phonatory motoneurons. This pathway controls the readiness to vocalize. Although the anterior cingulate cortex in this pathway plays a role in voluntary initiation of vocal behavior, the PAG is involved in vocal gating at a more elementary level. The second pathway runs from the motor cortex via the reticular formation to the phonatory motoneurons and includes two feedback loops providing the motor cortex with preprocessed information needed by the latter to generate the final motor commands. One of these feedback loops involves the basal ganglia and the other the cerebellum. The motor cortex together with its feedback loops is involved in the production of learned vocal patterns. These structures seem to be dispensable, however, for the production of innate vocal patterns, such as the nonverbal emotional vocal utterances of humans and most nonhuman mammalian vocalizations. These innate vocal patterns seem to be generated in the pontine and medullary reticular formation.
这篇综述描述了一种主要基于松鼠猴研究的发声控制模型，该模型由两条层次组织的通路组成。一条通路从前扣带回皮质经中脑导水管周围灰质（PAG）进入脑桥和延髓的网状结构，再从那里到达发声运动神经元。这条通路控制发声的准备状态。虽然这条通路中的前扣带回皮质在发声行为的自主启动中起作用，但PAG在更基本的层面上参与发声门控。第二条通路从运动皮质经网状结构到达发声运动神经元，包括两个反馈回路，为运动皮质提供其生成最终运动指令所需的预处理信息。其中一个反馈回路涉及基底神经节，另一个涉及小脑。运动皮质及其反馈回路参与习得发声模式的产生。然而，对于先天发声模式的产生，如人类的非言语情感发声和大多数非人类哺乳动物的发声，这些结构似乎是不必要的。这些先天发声模式似乎是在脑桥和延髓网状结构中产生的。
