Nasser Boubker, Moustaid Khadija, Moukha Serge, Mobio Théophile A, Essamadi Abdelkhalid, Creppy Edmond E
Department of Toxicology, University of Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France.
Environ Toxicol. 2008 Aug;23(4):539-47. doi: 10.1002/tox.20364.
Industrial processing of phosphates generates chemical wastes which are, without any treatment, discharged directly into the Atlantic Ocean at Jorf Lasfar (JL), located 120 km south of Casablanca (Morocco) were shellfish are also collected by people without any control. Marine bivalves concentrate these pollutants by filtration and serve as vectors in human's exposure. The objective of this study was to test and compare in vitro on human intestinal cells (Caco-2) the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) extracts (either hydrophilic or lipophilic) collected at two coastal sites; JL (neighboring a phosphate processing plat-form) and Oualidia (OL) (a vegetable growing area) located 160 km south of Casablanca (i.e. 40 km south of JL). Using Caco-2 cells, the following end-points have been evaluated, cytotoxicity as measured by MTS test, inhibition of cellular macromolecules syntheses (DNA and protein) and genotoxicity evaluated by DNA fragmentation in agarose gel electrophoresis. The results indicated, that hydrophilic and lipophilic OL mussels extracts are cytotoxic and inhibit cellular macromolecules syntheses. Moreover these extracts damage the DNA in Caco-2 cells. The lipophilic JL mussels extract is cytotoxic, inhibits cellular macromolecules syntheses, and damages the DNA in Caco-2 cells whereas the hydrophilic extract of JL mussels fails to inhibit protein synthesis and does not damage the DNA. This extract rather enhances protein synthesis, suggesting possible metallothioneins induction by metal ions. Altogether these in vitro data indicate that mussels collected from OL could be more harmful than those from JL even though the later is closer to the pollution site than OL. Nevertheless consumption of mussels from all these areas may present a risk for humans. Epidemiological studies will be needed for global risk assessment in humans living in these areas especially those consuming see food regularly.
磷酸盐的工业加工会产生化学废物，这些废物未经任何处理就直接排放到位于卡萨布兰卡（摩洛哥）以南120公里处的乔夫拉斯法尔（JL）的大西洋中，而当地的贝类同样被人们随意采集，无人管控。海洋双壳贝类通过过滤作用富集这些污染物，并成为人类接触污染物的载体。本研究的目的是在体外对人肠道细胞（Caco-2）测试并比较从两个沿海地点采集的贻贝（Mytilus galloprovincialis）提取物（亲水性或亲脂性）的细胞毒性和遗传毒性；这两个地点分别是JL（靠近一个磷酸盐加工平台）和瓦利迪耶（OL）（一个蔬菜种植区），位于卡萨布兰卡以南160公里处（即JL以南40公里）。使用Caco-2细胞，评估了以下终点指标：通过MTS试验测定细胞毒性，抑制细胞大分子合成（DNA和蛋白质），以及通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳中的DNA片段化评估遗传毒性。结果表明，亲水性和亲脂性的OL贻贝提取物具有细胞毒性，并抑制细胞大分子合成。此外，这些提取物会损伤Caco-2细胞中的DNA。亲脂性的JL贻贝提取物具有细胞毒性，抑制细胞大分子合成，并损伤Caco-2细胞中的DNA，而亲水性的JL贻贝提取物未能抑制蛋白质合成，也未损伤DNA。该提取物反而增强了蛋白质合成，表明可能是金属离子诱导了金属硫蛋白的产生。总之，这些体外数据表明，即使JL比OL更靠近污染 site，但从OL采集的贻贝可能比从JL采集的贻贝更有害。然而，食用来自所有这些地区的贻贝可能对人类构成风险。需要进行流行病学研究，以对生活在这些地区的人类，尤其是那些经常食用海鲜的人进行全球风险评估。
