Sources of air pollutants indoors: VOC and fine particulate species.

The average concentrations of a large number of fine particle aerosol and VOC species measured in ten Boise, Idaho, residences in wintertime have been apportioned according to their contributions from all inside sources and all outside sources, regarded as two composite source categories. Air change rates for the residences were in the range 0.2-0.8 hr-1. None of the residences had obvious major indoor sources (smokers, woodburning appliances, etc.). The two category apportionment was accomplished through use of the single chamber mass balance indoor air quality model given by Dockery and Spengler. The method depends on the availability of average concentrations measured outside each residence during the same sampling periods used for the inside measurements, and on the ability to identify one or more species that have negligible indoor sources. Calculated infiltration factors (the indoor/outdoor ratio in the absence of indoor sources) for fine particle species averaged 0.5, and varied in a reasonably way with measured air change rates, essentially independent of species. Infiltration factors for the VOCs were indistinguishable from unity. The relative importance of indoor and outdoor sources to measured indoor concentrations showed great variation between species and between residences. In most homes the indoor source contribution was dominant for fine particle Si, Ca, and Fe, while the infiltration contribution was dominant for S, K, Pb, Zn, mass, and extractable organic matter. Indoor contributions to individual VOCs were frequently very large at a few residences and negligible at the others.