Talarovicova Alzbeta, Krskova Lucia, Kiss Alexander
Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Endocr Regul. 2007 Nov;41(4):155-62.
The amygdala is a complex structure playing primary role in the processing and memorizing of emotional reactions. The amygdalae send impulses to the hypothalamus for activation of the sympathetic nervous system, to the reticular nucleus for increasing reflexes, to the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve and facial nerve for facial expressions of fear, and to the ventral tegmental area, locus coeruleus, and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus for activation of dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine release. The amygdala plays a key role in what has been called the "general-purpose defense response control network" and reacts in response to unpleasant sights, sensations, or smells. Anger, avoidance, and defensiveness are emotions activated largely by the amygdale. The amygdala is responsible for activating ancestral signs of distress such as "tense-mouth" and defensive postures such as crouching. Poor functioning of amygdala has also been associated with anxiety, autism, depression, narcolepsy, post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, frontotemporal dementia, and schizophrenia. Impairment of emotional event memory in patients with Alzheimer's disease also correlates with the intensity of amygdalar damage. All these events speak out for the importance to preserve the normal function of the amygdala which can only be achieved by constant deepening of our knowledge about this unique structure.
杏仁核是一个复杂的结构，在情绪反应的处理和记忆中起主要作用。杏仁核将冲动发送到下丘脑以激活交感神经系统，发送到网状核以增强反射，发送到三叉神经核和面神经核以产生恐惧的面部表情，还发送到腹侧被盖区、蓝斑和外侧背侧被盖核以激活多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素的释放。杏仁核在所谓的“通用防御反应控制网络”中起关键作用，并对不愉快的景象、感觉或气味做出反应。愤怒、回避和防御是主要由杏仁核激活的情绪。杏仁核负责激活诸如“抿嘴”等祖先的痛苦迹象以及诸如蹲伏等防御姿势。杏仁核功能不良还与焦虑、自闭症、抑郁症、发作性睡病、创伤后应激障碍、恐惧症、额颞叶痴呆和精神分裂症有关。阿尔茨海默病患者情绪事件记忆的损害也与杏仁核损伤的程度相关。所有这些都表明保持杏仁核正常功能的重要性，而这只能通过不断深入了解这个独特的结构来实现。
