Soft tissue temperature rise caused by scanned, diagnostic ultrasound.

An acoustic-thermal model was developed for scanned diagnostic ultrasound in soft tissue. An adiabatic surface between the transducer and the skin was justified, and the model accounted for attenuation and focusing. The temperature along the central plane of the temporally averaged acoustic field was calculated by integration of line sources of heat that result from the tissue's absorption of ultrasound. The temperature profiles were calculated for 1400 transducers. The results show that current diagnostic transducers heat more significantly at the transducer-tissue interface than at the focus. The temperature rise in the focal region is typically less than 25% of that at the surface. The acoustic power per scan length that results in a 1 degrees C temperature rise at the surface is calculated as (210 mW-MHz/cm)/f. These results apply to both linear arrays and sectorlike scan formats. The temperature rises for simultaneous multimode scanned beams are additive as the peak temperatures of each mode will occur on the surface. Consideration was given to the surface boundary condition for such models. This boundary is considered adiabatic for calculation of heating due to acoustic absorption alone. Additional heating or cooling resulting from the transducer can then be superimposed on this solution.