Albanese Alberto
Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy.
Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007;13 Suppl 3:S356-61. doi: 10.1016/S1353-8020(08)70030-0.
Dystonia refers to sustained and vigorous contractions forcing a body region into an abnormal position that is consistently present. Dystonic postures and movements can variably combine to produce a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. The movement can affect one, two or more body regions, as in focal, segmental or generalized dystonia. Dystonic movements display specific features that can be recognised by clinical observation, such as speed, consistency, predictability, variability and relationship with voluntary movement. Sensory tricks and gestes antagonistes are manoeuvres that specifically alleviate dystonic movements and postures, thereby providing diagnostic clues. The diagnosis of primary dystonia can be established by applying a simple diagnostic flow chart during neurological examination to guide further laboratory testing.
肌张力障碍是指持续且强烈的收缩，迫使身体某一部位处于持续存在的异常姿势。肌张力障碍性姿势和运动可不同程度地组合，产生广泛的临床表现。该运动可影响一个、两个或更多身体部位，如局限性、节段性或全身性肌张力障碍。肌张力障碍性运动具有特定特征，可通过临床观察识别，如速度、一致性、可预测性、变异性以及与自主运动的关系。感觉技巧和拮抗动作是能特异性缓解肌张力障碍性运动和姿势的手法，从而提供诊断线索。原发性肌张力障碍的诊断可通过在神经检查期间应用简单的诊断流程图来确立，以指导进一步的实验室检查。
