Ho Anita
Department of Philosophy, College of St Catherine, St Paul, MN, USA.
Scand J Caring Sci. 2008 Mar;22(1):128-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2007.00561.x.
The intertwining ideas of self-determination and well-being have received tremendous support in western bioethics. They have been used to reject medical paternalism and to justify patients' rights to give informed consent (or refusal) and execute advanced directives. It is frequently argued that everyone is thoroughly unique, and as patients are most knowledgeable of and invested in their own interests, they should be the ones to make voluntary decisions regarding their care. Two results of the strong focus on autonomy are the rejection of the image of patients as passive care recipients and the suspicion against paternalistic influence anyone may have on patients' decision-making process. Although the initial focus in western bioethics was on minimizing professional coercion, there has been a steady concern of family's involvement in adult patients' medical decision-making. Many worry that family members may have divergent values and priorities from those of the patients, such that their involvement could counter patients' autonomy. Those who are heavily involved in competent patients' decision-making are often met with suspicion. Patients who defer to their families are sometimes presumed to be acting out of undue pressure. This essay argues for a re-examination of the notions of autonomy and undue pressure in the contexts of patienthood and relational identity. In particular, it examines the characteristics of families and their role in adult patients' decision-making. Building on the feminist conception of the relational self and examining the context of contemporary institutional medicine, this paper argues that family involvement and consideration of family interests can be integral in promoting patients' overall agency. It argues that, in the absence of abuse and neglect, respect for autonomy and agency requires clinicians to abide by patients' expressed wishes.
自决与幸福这两个相互交织的观念在西方生物伦理学中获得了巨大支持。它们被用于反对医学家长主义,并为患者给予知情同意(或拒绝)以及执行预立医疗指示的权利提供正当理由。人们经常认为,每个人都是完全独特的,而且由于患者最了解并关注自身利益,他们应该是就自身医疗做出自愿决定的人。对自主性的强烈关注产生了两个结果:一是摒弃了患者作为被动接受治疗者的形象,二是对任何人可能对患者决策过程产生的家长式影响持怀疑态度。尽管西方生物伦理学最初关注的是尽量减少专业强制,但人们一直持续关注家庭在成年患者医疗决策中的参与情况。许多人担心家庭成员的价值观和优先事项可能与患者不同,以至于他们的参与可能会与患者的自主性相悖。那些深度参与有行为能力患者决策的人常常受到怀疑。听从家人意见的患者有时会被认为是受到了不当压力的影响。本文主张在患者身份和关系认同的背景下重新审视自主性和不当压力的概念。特别是,它考察了家庭的特征及其在成年患者决策中的作用。基于女性主义对关系自我的概念,并审视当代机构医学的背景,本文认为家庭参与和对家庭利益的考量对于促进患者的整体能动性可能至关重要。它认为,在不存在虐待和忽视的情况下,尊重自主性和能动性要求临床医生遵守患者表达的意愿。