Katz Tracy M, Miller Jason H, Hebert Adelaide A
Department of Dermatology, University of Texas at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008 May;58(5):865-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.10.005. Epub 2008 Feb 13.
Arthropod bites remain a major cause of patient morbidity. These bites can cause local or systemic effects that may be infectious or inflammatory in nature. Arthropods, notably insects and arachnids, are vectors of potentially serious ailments including malaria, West Nile virus, dengue, and Lyme disease. Measures to curtail the impact of insect bites are important in the worldwide public health effort to safely protect patients and prevent the spread of disease. The history of insect repellent (IR) lends insight into some of the current scientific strategies behind newer products. Active ingredients of currently available IRs include N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), botanicals, citronella, and, the newest agent, picaridin. Currently, the Environmental Protection Agency's registered IR ingredients approved for application to the skin include DEET, picaridin, MGK-326, MGK-264, IR3535, oil of citronella, and oil of lemon eucalyptus. DEET has reigned as the most efficacious and broadly used IR for the last 6 decades, with a strong safety record and excellent protection against ticks, mosquitoes, and other arthropods. Newer agents, like picaridin and natural products such as oil of lemon eucalyptus are becoming increasingly popular because of their low toxicity, comparable efficacy, and customer approval. Various characteristics and individual product advantages may lead physicians to recommend one agent over another.
节肢动物叮咬仍是导致患者发病的主要原因。这些叮咬可引起局部或全身反应，其性质可能是感染性的或炎症性的。节肢动物，尤其是昆虫和蛛形纲动物，是包括疟疾、西尼罗河病毒、登革热和莱姆病等潜在严重疾病的传播媒介。在全球公共卫生工作中，采取措施减少昆虫叮咬的影响对于安全保护患者和预防疾病传播至关重要。驱虫剂（IR）的历史有助于深入了解一些新产品背后的当前科学策略。目前可用的驱虫剂的活性成分包括N，N - 二乙基 - 3 - 甲基苯甲酰胺（避蚊胺）、植物提取物、香茅，以及最新的产品派卡瑞丁。目前，美国环境保护局批准用于皮肤的注册驱虫剂成分包括避蚊胺、派卡瑞丁、MGK - 326、MGK - 264、IR3535、香茅油和柠檬桉叶油。在过去60年里，避蚊胺一直是最有效且应用最广泛的驱虫剂，具有良好的安全记录，对蜱虫、蚊子和其他节肢动物有出色的防护效果。像派卡瑞丁这样的新产品以及柠檬桉叶油等天然产品因其低毒性、相当的功效和消费者认可而越来越受欢迎。各种特性和个别产品优势可能会使医生推荐一种产品而非另一种。
