Fontana Luigi
Reparto di alimentazione, nutrizione e salute, Istituto superiore di sanità, Roma.
Epidemiol Prev. 2007 Sep-Oct;31(5):290-4.
Calorie intake is an important determinant of health. Excessive energy intake is associated with abdominal obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and premature mortality. Calorie restriction (CR) without malnutrition increases maximal lifespan by preventing many age-associated chronic diseases and by preserving function at more youthful-like states in rodents. In overweight and obese humans CR improves metabolic health and reduced mortality for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. In middle-aged healthy lean individuals CR causes many of the same cardiometabolic adaptations that occur in long-lived CR rodents, including decreased metabolic, inflammatory, and hormonal risk factors for diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and cancer Protein and polyphenols intake, and physical activity may have additional beneficial effects in preventing diseases and promoting health. Additional studies are needed to identify the precise calorie, protein and polyphenols intake and amount of exercise needed for optimal health in each individual, depending on his/her age, sex and genetic background.
卡路里摄入量是健康的一个重要决定因素。能量摄入过多与腹部肥胖、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病、癌症及过早死亡有关。在无营养不良的情况下进行卡路里限制（CR）可通过预防多种与年龄相关的慢性疾病以及使啮齿动物保持更年轻状态的功能来延长最大寿命。在超重和肥胖人群中，CR可改善代谢健康并降低2型糖尿病、心血管疾病和癌症的死亡率。在中年健康瘦人群体中，CR会引发许多与长期进行CR的啮齿动物相同的心脏代谢适应性变化，包括降低糖尿病、高血压、心血管疾病和癌症的代谢、炎症及激素风险因素。蛋白质和多酚的摄入以及体育活动在预防疾病和促进健康方面可能具有额外的有益作用。需要进行更多研究，以根据每个人的年龄、性别和基因背景确定其实现最佳健康所需的确切卡路里、蛋白质和多酚摄入量以及运动量。
