Lee B B, Laredo J, Lee T S, Huh S, Neville R
Department of Surgery, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA.
Phlebology. 2007;22(6):249-52. doi: 10.1177/026835550702200604.
Venous malformation (VM) is a congenital vascular malformation (CVM) that develops along the venous system through the various stages of embryogenesis. Older terminology and classification were often misleading and confusing. A newer classification system has emerged that is based on advances in the study of these conditions and is useful in contemporary management. The Hamburg classification was introduced after reappraisal of older terminology and has become the standard system for contemporary classification, which is based on anatomical, pathological and embryological criteria.
静脉畸形（VM）是一种先天性血管畸形（CVM），它在胚胎发育的各个阶段沿着静脉系统发展。旧的术语和分类常常具有误导性且令人困惑。一种基于对这些病症研究进展的新分类系统已经出现，并且在当代治疗中很有用。汉堡分类是在对旧术语进行重新评估后引入的，已成为当代分类的标准系统，该系统基于解剖学、病理学和胚胎学标准。
