Wolf Elizabeth K, Laumann Anne E
Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008 Mar;58(3):472-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.11.019.
We have seen a number of individuals who received blood-type tattoos on the left side of the chest as schoolchildren in northwest Indiana during the 1950s.
To investigate the history of blood-type tattooing.
Historical research was conducted using newspaper and journal articles found in medical libraries, online archives, American Medical Association archives, Chicago Historical Society records, local medical society documents, in addition to personal interviews.
Blood-type tattoos were used during the Cold War to enable rapid transfusions as part of a "walking blood bank" in case of atomic attack. Nationwide blood-typing programs occurred to inform individuals of their own blood types and to provide local communities with lists of possible donors. The blood-type tattooing program was part of this effort, but community-wide tattooing occurred only in two parts of the United States: Lake County, Indiana, and Cache and Rich counties, Utah. In these communities, during 1951 and 1952, schoolchildren were tattooed to facilitate emergency transfusions.
Events occurred more than 50 years ago, so we relied on original documents and interviews from individuals involved in the program who are still alive.
The use of blood-type tattoos was short lived, lasting less than a year, and ultimately failed because physicians did not trust tattoos for medical information.
我们见过一些20世纪50年代在印第安纳州西北部上学时在左胸纹有血型纹身的人。
调查血型纹身的历史。
除了个人访谈外，还利用在医学图书馆、在线档案、美国医学协会档案、芝加哥历史学会记录、当地医学协会文件中找到的报纸和期刊文章进行历史研究。
冷战期间，为在遭受原子弹袭击时作为“移动血库”的一部分实现快速输血，人们使用了血型纹身。全国范围内开展了血型检测项目，以告知个人自己的血型，并向当地社区提供潜在献血者名单。血型纹身项目是这项工作的一部分，但仅在美国的两个地区进行了社区范围的纹身：印第安纳州的莱克县以及犹他州的卡什县和里奇县。在这些社区，1951年和1952年期间，为便于紧急输血给学童纹了身。
这些事件发生在50多年前，所以我们依赖于参与该项目且仍然在世的个人的原始文件和访谈。
血型纹身的使用时间很短，持续不到一年，最终失败了，因为医生不相信纹身能提供医疗信息。
