Pardalidis N, Kosmaoglou E, Diamantis A, Sofikitis N
Office for the Study of History of the Greek (Hellenic) Naval Medicine, Naval Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece.
J Urol. 2008 Apr;179(4):1271-6. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.11.046. Epub 2008 Feb 20.
The macroscopic examination of urine constituted a lasting diagnostic method from the time of Hippocrates and Galen until the Renaissance. The Byzantines, as the carriers of ancient Greek medical knowledge, adopted uroscopy.
We reviewed the medical and historical bibliography as well as the original texts of Byzantine doctors.
The outcome was impressive since, at that time, uroscopy was considered a main tool of clinical diagnosis. The Byzantines influenced the Arabs and Western Europe, their scriptures were considered points of reference, and they were regarded as experts on the subject of uroscopy.
Byzantine doctors added new elements to the concept of uroscopy, which was based on ancient Greek knowledge. Throughout the centuries uroscopy was established as an irreplaceable diagnostic method which affected medical thinking as well as the perception of examination and cure since it practically isolated doctor and patient, especially in Western Europe.
从希波克拉底和盖伦时代到文艺复兴时期，尿液的宏观检查一直是一种持久的诊断方法。拜占庭人作为古希腊医学知识的传承者，采用了尿液检查法。
我们查阅了医学和历史文献以及拜占庭医生的原始文本。
结果令人印象深刻，因为在那个时候，尿液检查被认为是临床诊断的主要工具。拜占庭人影响了阿拉伯人和西欧，他们的著作被视为参考点，并且他们被视为尿液检查领域的专家。
拜占庭医生在基于古希腊知识的尿液检查概念中加入了新元素。几个世纪以来，尿液检查已成为一种不可替代的诊断方法，它影响了医学思维以及对检查和治疗的认知，因为它实际上使医生和患者相互隔离，尤其是在西欧。
