Maier Konrad Ludwig, Alessandrini Francesca, Beck-Speier Ingrid, Hofer Thomas Philipp Josef, Diabaté Silvia, Bitterle Ellen, Stöger Tobias, Jakob Thilo, Behrendt Heidrun, Horsch Marion, Beckers Johannes, Ziesenis Axel, Hültner Lothar, Frankenberger Marion, Krauss-Etschmann Susanne, Schulz Holger
Institute of Inhalation Biology, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Germany.
Inhal Toxicol. 2008 Feb;20(3):319-37. doi: 10.1080/08958370701866313.
In this article, we review and analyze different modes of exposure to ultrafine particles in order to assess particle-induced inflammatory responses and the underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Based on results from monocytic cells cultured under submerged conditions, we discuss (1) the impact of particle properties such as surface area and oxidative potential on lipid metabolism as a highly sensitive regulatory pathway and (2) the interference of diesel exhaust particles with toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory responses. Furthermore, new developments of air-liquid interface exposure used as an alternative approach to simulate cell particle interactions are presented. In addition to the in vitro approaches, animal exposure studies are described that apply selected mouse models to elucidate potential allergic and inflammatory pulmonary responses and mast-cell-related mechanisms after particle exposure. Long-term inhalation of ultrafine particles might lead to irreversible changes in lung structure and function. Clinical studies addressing the characteristics of inflammatory airway cells are a promising approach to understand underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Finally, a potential outcome of human particle exposure is chronic cough in children. Here, discrimination between asthmatic and nonasthmatic cough by means of immunological parameters appears to be an important step toward improving diagnosis and therapy.
在本文中，我们回顾并分析了接触超细颗粒的不同模式，以评估颗粒在体外和体内诱导的炎症反应及其潜在机制。基于在浸没条件下培养的单核细胞的结果，我们讨论了：（1）颗粒特性（如表面积和氧化电位）对作为高度敏感调节途径的脂质代谢的影响；（2）柴油尾气颗粒对Toll样受体介导的炎症反应的干扰。此外，还介绍了作为模拟细胞与颗粒相互作用的替代方法的气液界面暴露的新进展。除了体外方法外，还描述了动物暴露研究，这些研究应用选定的小鼠模型来阐明颗粒暴露后潜在的过敏性和炎症性肺部反应以及肥大细胞相关机制。长期吸入超细颗粒可能导致肺部结构和功能的不可逆变化。针对炎症气道细胞特征的临床研究是了解慢性阻塞性肺疾病潜在病理生理机制的一种有前景的方法。最后，人类接触颗粒的一个潜在后果是儿童慢性咳嗽。在此，通过免疫参数区分哮喘性咳嗽和非哮喘性咳嗽似乎是改善诊断和治疗的重要一步。
