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长期采食对大型食草动物生活史特征的反馈效应。

Feedback effects of chronic browsing on life-history traits of a large herbivore.

作者信息

Anouk Simard M, Côté Steeve D, Weladji Robert B, Huot Jean

机构信息

Département de Biologie and Centre d'Etudes Nordiques, NSERC-Produits Forestiers Anticosti Industrial Research, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 7P4, Canada.

出版信息

J Anim Ecol. 2008 Jul;77(4):678-86. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01374.x. Epub 2008 Feb 27.

Abstract
  1. Increasing ungulate populations are affecting vegetation negatively in many areas, but few studies have assessed the long-term effects of overbrowsing on individual life-history traits of ungulates. 2. Using an insular population of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann; Anticosti, Québec, Canada) introduced in 1896, and whose density has remained high since the first evidence of severe browsing in the 1930s, we investigated potential feedbacks of long-term and heavy browsing on deer life-history traits. 3. We assessed whether chronic browsing contributed to a decline of the quality of deer diet in early autumn during the last 25 years, and evaluated the impacts of reduced diet quality on deer body condition and reproduction. 4. Rumen nitrogen content declined 22% between two time periods, 1977-79 and 2002-04, indicating a reduction in diet quality. 5. After accounting for the effects of year within the time period, age and date of harvest in autumn, peak body mass of both sexes declined between the two time periods. At the end of November, males were on average 12% heavier and adult does 6% heavier in 1977-79 than in 2002-04. Hind foot length did not vary between time periods. 6. The probability of conception increased 15% between the two time periods, but litter size at ovulation declined 7%, resulting in a similar total number of ovulations in 2002-04 and in 1977-79. 7. Our results suggest that following a decline in diet quality, white-tailed deer females modified their life-history strategies to maintain reproduction at the expense of growth. 8. Deer appear to tolerate drastic reductions in diet quality by modifying their life history traits, such as body mass and reproduction, before a reduction in density is observed. Such modifications may contribute to maintain high population density of large herbivores following population irruption.
摘要
  1. 在许多地区,有蹄类动物数量的增加正在对植被产生负面影响,但很少有研究评估过度啃食对有蹄类动物个体生活史特征的长期影响。2. 利用1896年引入的白尾鹿(弗吉尼亚鹿,学名:Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann;位于加拿大魁北克省安的科斯蒂岛)的一个岛屿种群,自20世纪30年代首次出现严重啃食迹象以来其密度一直很高,我们研究了长期重度啃食对鹿生活史特征的潜在反馈。3. 我们评估了在过去25年中,长期啃食是否导致初秋鹿的饮食质量下降,并评估了饮食质量下降对鹿身体状况和繁殖的影响。4. 在1977 - 79年和2002 - 04年这两个时间段之间,瘤胃氮含量下降了22%,表明饮食质量降低。5. 在考虑时间段内年份、秋季收获年龄和日期的影响后,两个时间段之间两性的体重峰值均有所下降。11月底,1977 - 79年的雄性平均比2002 - 04年重12%,成年雌性重6%。后足长度在不同时间段之间没有变化。6. 两个时间段之间受孕概率增加了15%,但排卵时的产仔数下降了7%,导致2002 - 04年和1977 - 79年的排卵总数相似。7. 我们的结果表明,在饮食质量下降后,白尾鹿雌性改变了它们的生活史策略,以牺牲生长为代价来维持繁殖。8. 在观察到密度降低之前,鹿似乎通过改变它们的生活史特征,如体重和繁殖,来耐受饮食质量的大幅下降。这种改变可能有助于在种群爆发后维持大型食草动物的高种群密度。

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