Hollands Justin G, Pavlovic Nada J, Enomoto Yukari, Jiang Haiying
Human Systems Integration Section, Defence Research and Development Canada-Toronto, 1133 Sheppard Ave. W., P.O. Box 2000, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Hum Factors. 2008 Feb;50(1):62-76. doi: 10.1518/001872008X250629.
The potential advantage of visual momentum in the form of smooth rotation between two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) displays of geographic terrain was examined.
The relative effectiveness of 2-D and 3-D displays is task dependent, leading to the need for multiple frames of reference as users switch tasks. The use of smooth rotation to provide visual momentum has received little scrutiny in the task-switching context. A cognitive model of the processes involved in switching viewpoints on a set of spatial elements is proposed.
In three experiments, participants judged the properties of two points placed on terrain depicted as 2-D or 3-D displays. Participants indicated whether Point A was higher than Point B, or whether Point B could be seen from Point A. Participants performed the two tasks in pairs of trials, switching tasks and displays within the pair. In the continuous transition condition the display dynamically rotated in depth from one display format to the other. In the discrete condition there was an instantaneous viewpoint shift that varied across experiments (Experiment 1: immediate; Experiment 2: delay; Experiment 3: preview).
Performance after continuous transition was superior to that after discrete transition.
The visual momentum provided by smooth rotation helped users switch tasks.
The use of dynamic transition is recommended when observers examine multiple views of terrain over time. The model may serve as a useful heuristic for designers. The results are pertinent to command and control, geological engineering, urban planning, and imagery analysis domains.
研究以地理地形二维（2-D）和三维（3-D）显示之间的平滑旋转形式呈现的视觉动量的潜在优势。
2-D和3-D显示的相对有效性取决于任务，这导致当用户切换任务时需要多个参照系。在任务切换情境中，使用平滑旋转来提供视觉动量几乎未受到审视。本文提出了一个关于在一组空间元素上切换视点所涉及过程的认知模型。
在三个实验中，参与者判断放置在以2-D或3-D显示的地形上的两个点的属性。参与者指出A点是否高于B点，或者从A点是否能看到B点。参与者在成对的试验中执行这两项任务，在一对试验内切换任务和显示。在连续过渡条件下，显示在深度上从一种显示格式动态旋转到另一种显示格式。在离散条件下，存在一个瞬间的视点切换，该切换在不同实验中有所变化（实验1：即时；实验2：延迟；实验3：预览）。
连续过渡后的表现优于离散过渡后的表现。
平滑旋转提供的视觉动量有助于用户切换任务。
建议在观察者长时间检查地形的多个视图时使用动态过渡。该模型可为设计师提供有用的启发。这些结果与指挥与控制、地质工程、城市规划和图像分析领域相关。
